Chapter 3

Front 1

culture

Back 1

the totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

Front 2

society

Back 2

the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction

Front 3

cultural universal

Back 3

a common practice or belief shared by all societies
-sports, cooking, marraige, sexual restrictions

Front 4

sociobiology

Back 4

the systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior

Front 5

innovation

Back 5

the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention

Front 6

discovery

Back 6

the process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality

Front 7

discovery

Back 7

the process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality

Front 8

invention

Back 8

the comination of existing cultural items into a form that didnt exist before

Front 9

diffusion

Back 9

the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society

Front 10

material culture

Back 10

the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives

Front 11

nonmaterial culture

Back 11

ways of using material objects, as well as customs, ideas, expressions, beliefs, knowledge, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication

Front 12

technology

Back 12

cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires

Front 13

culture lag

Back 13

a period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions

Front 14

language

Back 14

a system of shared symbols; it includes speech, wirten characters, numerals, symbols, adn nonverbal gestures and expressions

Front 15

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Back 15

the idea that the language a aperson uses shapes his or her perception of reality and therefore his or her thoughts and actions
-language precedes thought

Front 16

nonverbal communication

Back 16

the use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate

Front 17

value

Back 17

a collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper-or bad, undesirable, and improper-in a culture

Front 18

norm

Back 18

an established standard of behavior maintained by a society

Front 19

formal norm

Back 19

a norm that generally has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators

Front 20

laws

Back 20

formal norms enforced by the state

Front 21

informal norms

Back 21

a norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded

Front 22

mores

Back 22

norm deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society
-u.s has strong mores against murder, treason

Front 23

folkways

Back 23

norms governing everyday behavior, whose violation raise comparatively little concern

Front 24

sanction

Back 24

a penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm

Front 25

dominant ideology

Back 25

a set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimates existing powerful social, economic, and political interests

Front 26

subculture

Back 26

a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society

Front 27

argot

Back 27

specialized language used by members of a group or subculture

Front 28

counterculture

Back 28

a subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture
-thrives among young
-1960's: "sex, drugs, and rock adn roll phase"

Front 29

culture shock

Back 29

the feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear that people experience when they encounter unfamiliar cultural practices

Front 30

ehtnocentrism

Back 30

the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others

Front 31

cultural relativism

Back 31

the viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture