Chapter 3

Front 1

Strip mining

Back 1

The
mining or removing
of coal close to the
earth's surface. It is
done mainly with
the use of large
pieces of machinery
such as mechanical
shovels and bulldozers.

Front 2

Anthracite coal

Back 2

Coal that is hard
and brittle. It
appears shiny on
the surface and has
a high carbon content.
Because it
burns cleaner than
other forms of coal,
it is often used for
home heating. It
does not have as
much energy content
per volume as
bituminous coal.

Front 3

Aquifer

Back 3

An underground
rock formation
that acts as a
reservoir for large
quantities of water.
It is used to store
gas from pipelines.

Front 4

Bag filter

Back 4

A device
that works like a
bag on a vacuum
cleanel, trapping
all solid particles in
the waste stream
prior to the hot
waste gases exiting
through the smokestack
of a power
plant.

Front 5

Bituminous coal

Back 5

Coal with a high
carbon content. It
is denser and
blacker than most
other forms of coal.
This type of coal is
principally used
for the production
of electricity.

Front 6

Crude oll;

Back 6

Oil in its
natural state.

Front 7

Deep mining

Back 7

A
mining operation
that uses shafts and
special machinery
to remove the coal
from deep below
the earth's surface.

Front 8

Electrostatic
precipitator

Back 8

A
device that works
by positively charging
waste particles
and attracting them
to a negatively
charged electrode.
The solid particles
are then washed
off the electrode
and collected.

Front 9

Enaironmental
Protection Agency
(EPA)

Back 9

An organization that supports
the monitoring of
acid rain in the
United States.

Front 10

Fly ash

Back 10

Asolid
waste by-product
produced by
burning coal

Front 11

Fractionating
tower

Back 11

A large
tower in which
crude oil is
separated into
various products.

Front 12

Kerogen:

Back 12

An oily
substance contained
by 40-50
million-year-old
sedimentary rock

Front 13

Land reclamation

Back 13

The restoration of land to a usable condition after strip minning has taken place.

Front 14

Lignite coal

Back 14

Atype
of coal containing
some woody
decomposition that
can be recognized
as peat, but it has a
higher energy content
than peat. It
contains a large
amount of moisfure
and is brownish in
colo4 as opposed to
the black substance
typically recognized
as coal.

Front 15

Liquefied natural
gas

Back 15

Gas
that has been
placed under
pressure at very
low temperatures,
allowing transportation
by railroad
tankers, truck
tankers, and ships.

Front 16

Natural gas

Back 16

The gaseous portion of petroleum

Front 17

oil shale

Back 17

oil cannot be
retrieved through conventional means, such as well drilling.

Front 18

over burden

Back 18

when
the soil
remaining after the
topsoil is removed.

Front 19

peat

Back 19

The first step
in the formation of
coal. It is formed
from water and the
decomposition of
organic materials.