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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Are Fungi monophyletic?
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Yes
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Where do fungi live?
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Live in the substrate: soil, rotting log, piece of bread, living tissue, etc.
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How are fungi closely related to animals?
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Both heterotrophs, both use absorptive nutrition, both store surplus food as the carbohydrate glycogen
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What are fungus cell walls made of?
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Unique chemistry
Tough cell wall made from chitin Cannot engulf food by phagotrophy due to rigid walls Cell wall also restricts mobility of nonflagellate cells |
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What is the body form of fungi?
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Most have mycelia composed of hyphae (microscopic branch of filament)
Most of mycelium is diffused and inconspicuous Fruiting bodies are the visible reproductive structures. (mushrooms) Rhizomorphs are fungal mycelia with the shape of roots to transport water |
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Spitzenkorper
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Structure in higher fungi that acts as organizing center for hyphal growth morphogenesis
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How does fungus grow?
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Mycelia can grow quickly when food is plentiful
Grow at the edges Narrow dimensions and extensive branching provides high surface area for absorption Osmosis important in growth-entry of water produces force for tip extension |
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Septate fungi
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Septa - crosswalls dividing cells of mycelium
Each cell has 1 or 2 nuclei Nuclear division followed by cross-wall formation |
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Aseptate fungi
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Not partitioned into smaller cells
multinucleate nuclei divide without cytokinesis |
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Intranuclear spindle
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distinguishes fungal nuclear division from plants and animals.
Spindle forms inside nucleus and nuclear envelope does not break down. |
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Natural mycelium irregular shape
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In liquid culture it is spherical
On agar it is more 2 dimensional |
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How do fungi sexually reproduce?
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Involves mating of gametes, zygot formation and meiosis.
Fuse w/ compatible mating type |
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Pasmogamy
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fusion of gametes cytoplasm
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Karyogamy
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Fusion of gametes' nuclei
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Fruiting bodies
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Heterokaryotic mycelium may produce a fleshy fruiting body.
All cells of the fruiting body are dikaryotic. When mature 2 nuclei in cells will fuse Produces zygotes Undergo meiosis to produce halploid spores Structure varies |
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How do fungi avoid consumption in the fruiting body?
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Toxins can cause liver & kidney requiring a transplant. Hallucinoginic or substances psychoactive
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How do fungi reproduce Asexually?
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Some produce only asexually.
Generating chains of spores at the hyphae tips Many use conidia. |
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Fungal ecology
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Decomposer fungi, work w/ bacteria, release minerals to the soil and water. Some fungi are predators trapping tiny soil nematodes.
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Fungal pathogens
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5000 species cause serious crop diseases
Several human diseases: dermatophytes |
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Mutualistic fungi
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Associations that benefit both partners
Mycornizzal fungi endophytes lichens |
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Mycorhizzal fungi
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Association between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of most seed plants.
More than 80% of terrestrial have mycorrhizae. Plants get extra minerals and water. Fungi gets organic food molecules from the plants. ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae |
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Ectomycorrhizae
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Coat root surface ang grow beetween cells of roots
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Endomycorrhizae
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Gorw in root cell walls & plasma membranes
arbuscular mycorrhizae from highly branched structures with high surface area |
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Fungal endophytes
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Fungi live within tissues of various types of plants
Endophytes obtain organic food. Plants often grow better In turn contribute toxins or antibiotics |
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Lichens
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Partnerships of particular fungi and certain photosynthetic green algae or cyanobacteria, and sometimes both.
At least 5 separate fungal lineages. 3 major forms - crustose, foliose, fruticose Photosynthetic partner provides organic food molecules and oxygen. Fungal partner provides carbon dioxide, water & minerals |
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How do lichens reproduce?
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Sexually with fungal partner producing fruiting bodies and sexual spores
1/3 can produce asexually using spredia - small hyphal clumps surrounding a few algal cells clones |
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Biotechnology applications
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Fungi convert inexpensive organic compounds. Distinct flavor of blue cheese. Bread, beer & wine. Replace chemical procedures that generate harmful waste productives.
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What are the 5 fungal kingdoms?
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Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota |
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Chytridiomycota
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Simplest fungi.
Earliest fungal phylum Some are single, spherical cells Others are branched Only fungi to produce flagellate cells for spore or gamete dispersal. Live in water or moist soil Most decomposers, some parasites |
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Zygomycota
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Mycelium mostly aseptate hyphae
Produces asexual spores in sporangia Named for zygospores produced sexually. Zygospore undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores Most are saprobes in soil Some are parasites Not monophyletic |
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Glomeromycota
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Abscular mycorrhizal AM fungi
Only recently defined as a group Aseptate hyphae Only asexual reproduction using unusually large multinucleate spore Ability of early plants to live on land may have depended on help from fungal associations |
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Ascomycota
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Unique sporangia called asci
Produce sexual spores called ascospores Asci produced on fruiting bodies called ascocarps Occur in terrestrial and acquatic habitats |
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Cordyceps
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Endoparsitoids (insects & arthropods)
Caterpillar fungas Zombie ants |
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Basidiomycota
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Most recently evolved group of fungi
Important decomposers and mycorrhizal partners Produce mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns Named for basidia that produce sexual spores called basidiospores Fruiting bodies called basidiocarps Clamp connections help distribute nuclei during cell division Reproduce asexually by various types of spores |
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Foxfire
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Bioluminescence from fungi in decaying wood
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