Lecture # 7 - Chapter 29 Cardiovascular And Lymphatic

Front 1

The heart weighs

Back 1

8-10 ounces

Front 2

The heart pumps

Back 2

5 quarts of blood per minute.

Front 3

How many chambers does the heart have?

Back 3

4 chambers - right and left atria and right and left ventricles

Front 4

What do the valves in the heart assure?

Back 4

one-way flow of the blood through the heart.

Front 5

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

Back 5

tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic valves

Front 6

What are heart tones?

Back 6

the sounds of the heart valves closing

Front 7

What is the S1 heart tone?

Back 7

it is the closing of the tricuspid and mitral valves

Front 8

What is the S2 heart tone?

Back 8

it is the closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves

Front 9

What are the great vessels of the cardiovascular system?

Back 9

The superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and the aorta

Front 10

Blood flows from the venae cava into the

Back 10

right atrium through the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle, through the pulmonary valve, through the pulmonary arteries, into the lungs (where blood is oxygenated,) back to the heart through the pulmonary veins, into the left atrium, through the mitral valve, into the left ventricle, out through the aortic valve, and through the aorta to the body

Front 11

Blood flows from the venae cava into the

Back 11

right atrium

Front 12

Blood flows the right atrium through

Back 12

the tricuspid valve

Front 13

Blood flows from the tricuspid valve into

Back 13

the right ventricle

Front 14

Blood flows from the right ventricle

Back 14

through the pulmonary valve

Front 15

Blood flows from the pulmonary valve

Back 15

through the pulmonary arteries

Front 16

Blood flows from the pulmonary arteries

Back 16

into the lungs (where the blood is oxygenated)

Front 17

Where is the blood oxygenated

Back 17

in the lungs

Front 18

Blood flows from the lungs

Back 18

back to the heart through the pulmonary veins

Front 19

Blood flows from the pulmonary veins

Back 19

into the left atrium

Front 20

Blood flows through the left atrium

Back 20

through the mitral valve

Front 21

Blood flows from the mitral valve

Back 21

into the left ventricle

Front 22

Blood flows from the left ventricle

Back 22

through the aortic valve

Front 23

Blood flows through the aortic valve

Back 23

through the aorta

Front 24

Blood flows from the aorta

Back 24

to the body

Front 25

Fetal circulation

Back 25

is designed to bypass the lungs, since they are not the source of oxygen

Front 26

In fetal circulation where is the blood oxygenated?

Back 26

in the placenta

Front 27

In fetal circulation

Back 27

blood which has been oxygenated by the placenta enters the right atrium from the venae cava, and much of it passes through the foramen ovale into the left atrium

Front 28

What happens to the blood that enters the right ventricle in fetal circulation?

Back 28

it gets pumped out the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery - it largely bypasses the lungs by taking a short-cut into the aorta via the ductus arteriosis

Front 29

After birth what happens to the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosis?

Back 29

they close establishing child/adult circulation

Front 30

What are the three layers of the heart?

Back 30

1. endocardium - which is continuous with the endothelial lining of the blood vessels

2. myocardium

3. epicardium

Front 31

What is the heart surrounded by?

Back 31

a membraneous sac called the pericardium

Front 32

Myocardial cells are similar to?

Back 32

skeletal muscle cells but they have more mitochondria and quicker access to ions.

Front 33

Cardiac output =

Back 33

heart rate X stroke volume

Front 34

CO

Back 34

HR X SV

Front 35

Frank Starling Law

Back 35

states that the more the cardiac muscle fibers are stretched (= the more volume of blood in the chamber) the stronger the generated contraction - like a rubber band snap

Front 36

Diastole

Back 36

is the relaxation stage of the heart - when the ventricles are filling

Front 37

Preload

Back 37

is the pressure in the left ventricle at the end of diastole

Front 38

Systole

Back 38

is the stages during which the ventricles contract propelling blood out of the heart

Front 39

Afterload

Back 39

is the resistance to ejection during systole

Front 40

Where does the electrical signal of the heart begin?

Back 40

it begins with the SA node (pacemaker) in the right atrium - depolarization of the atrium produces the P wave on an ECG

Front 41

Where does the electrical signal in the heart go after the SA node?

Back 41

the wave moves to the AV node down the Bundle of His fibers to the apex of the heart and up the Purkinje fibers - depolarization of the ventricle produces the QRS complex of the ECG and causes the muscle fibers to contract - repolarization of the ventricle causes the T wave

Front 42

Depolarization of the atrium

Back 42

produces the P wave

Front 43

Depolarization of the ventricle

Back 43

produces the QRS complex

Front 44

Repolarization of the ventricle

Back 44

causes the T wave

Front 45

What do coronary arteries do?

Back 45

They feed and oxygenate the heart

Front 46

Blockage of the coronary arteries

Back 46

depletes the heart muscle of oxygen and this leads to ischemia

Front 47

Sympathetic nervous system stimulation

Back 47

increases heart rate and myocardial contractility

Front 48

Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation

Back 48

decreases heart rate

Front 49

An increase in blood volume (for example - IV fluids)

Back 49

stimulates volume receptors in the atria - this triggers the Bainbridge reflex - which causes an increase in heart rate

Front 50

Bainbridge reflex

Back 50

is a reflex that is triggered when there is an increase in blood volume in the heart and this causes an increase in heart rate (example - volume from IV fluids)

Front 51

What mediates the baroreceptor reflex?

Back 51

tissue receptors in the aortic arch and carotid arteries

Front 52

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

Back 52

tissue receptors in the aortic arch and carotid arteries mediate this reflex - if blood pressure is decreased this reflex accelerates heart rate and causes the vessels to constrict - when stretched they increase parasympathetic activity which dilates vessels and decreases heart rate

Front 53

What lines the lumens of arteries and veins?

Back 53

endothelial cells

Front 54

Both arteries and veins have

Back 54

endothelial lining their lumens - they both have an elastic membrane and smooth muscle layer which is thinner in veins

Front 55

What directs the flow of blood in one direction in veins?

Back 55

valves

Front 56

Blood flow is affected by

Back 56

blood pressure, resistance, and viscosity

Front 57

Resistance is affected

Back 57

by the diameter of the blood vessels

Front 58

Arterial blood pressure is affected

Back 58

by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

Front 59

What are 2 vasoconstrictors?

Back 59

1. Epinephrine - from the adrenal gland

2. Norepinephrine - from the sympathetic nervous system

Front 60

What does ADH do?

Back 60

Antidiuretic hormone - from the posterior pituitary - causes reabsorption of water in the distal tubule of the kidney increasing plasma volume and increasing blood pressure

Front 61

Renin

Back 61

it is produced in the kidney in response to a drop in blood pressure, decreased sodium, Beta adrenergic stimuli, and or low potassium in the plasma

Front 62

What does the lymphatic system do?

Back 62

collects interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood stream - it consists of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

Front 63

The lymph nodes contain

Back 63

lymphocytes - exposure to an antigen triggers proliferation of the specific plasma cell (B lymphocyte) which produces antibodies to the antigen - the proliferation causes lymph nodes to enlarge

Front 64

What causes lymph nodes to enlarge

Back 64

exposure to an antigen triggers proliferation of the specific plasma cells (B lymphocytes) which produces antibodies to the antigen and this proliferation causes the enlargement

Front 65

What happens to the lymph fluid?

Back 65

it eventually collects into the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct and drains into the right and left subclavian veins

Front 66

Simple non-invasive tests to assess cardiac function include:

Back 66

assessment of sensorium (consciousness), color, palpated pulse, and auscultation of heart sounds

Front 67

More advanced non-invasive tests to assess for cardiac function include:

Back 67

ECG, pulse tracing, MRI, Doppler studies, stress tests, and chest x-ray

Front 68

Common invasive tests to assess for cardiac function include:

Back 68

Thalium scan, cardiac catheterization, and coronary angiography