Chapter 29 Apes

Front 1

What are minerals?

Back 1

Naturally occuring inorganic, specific physical and chemical properties

Front 2

What are minerals used for?

Back 2

Some are essential for life. They are used in everything we make ei roads, buildings (metals) Help grow food.

Front 3

How does the availability of minerals relate to the standard of living?

Back 3

More mineral availability - standard of living increases. Minerals allow for industrialization by creating building blocks etc.

Front 4

Are minerals renewable? Explain.

Back 4

No, minerals are not a renewable resource - they are used and not regenerated - they are recyclable.

Front 5

What is an ore deposit?

Back 5

An ore deposit is a high concentration of minerals.

Front 6

Explain how mineral deposits are formed through the following processes:
Plate tectonics Plate boundaries

Back 6

At divergent plate boundries hot magma arises and comes into contact with cold ocean water and there metals are leached and deposited as the water cools.

Front 7

Igneous processes

Back 7

As the moter rock cools, heavier minerals crystallize early and set toward the bottom of the magma, lighter minerals crystallize later at the top

Front 8

What are placer deposits?

Back 8

Deposits that are concentrated in a stream bed.

Front 9

What are evaporites? What are three types?

Back 9

Deposits originate by evaporation. The three types are marine evaporites, non-marine evaporites and brines

Front 10

How minerals are formed by biological processes

Back 10

Calcium, minerals in shells and bones, oxidation of iron(In addition, sponges and corals make their shells out of calcium carbonate taken from seawater and precipitated as the minerals calcite or aragonite.

Front 11

weathering What is the result of weathering?

Back 11

chemical and mechanical decomposition of rock. Concentrates of some minerals in the soil.

Front 12

What is secondary enrichment?

Back 12

The process by which a metal deposit becomes concentrated when other minerals are eliminated from the deposit, as through dissolution, precipitation, or weathering.

Front 13

Describe the three primary mineral resources derived from the sea.

Back 13

1. Magnesium: Magnesium, dissolved in sea water at a concentration of about 1,000 parts per million, is the only metal directly extracted from sea water
2. Sulfide deposits - Massive sulfide deposits contain Zinc, copper and Iron are found on the sea at divergent plates.
3. Manganese oxide. Found in nodules on the sea floor - also contain iron.

Front 14

What are black smokers?

Back 14

Mineral rich water at thermal vents.

Front 15

What is the Law of the Seabed?

Back 15

International laws concerning ocean mining that prevent wealthy nations from exploiting minerals that are not necessarily theres.

Front 16

What are some of the environmental and political problems associated with mining the seabed?

Back 16

Environmental - disrupting and degrading the bottom and near bottom enviornments. Political - seabed resources outside national limits are a common heritage of human kind.

Front 17

What are mineral resources and mineral reserves?

Back 17

Mineral resources are elements, chemical compounds, minerals or rocks concentrated in a form that can be extracted to obtain a usable commodity. Mineral reserves - portion of a resource that is identified and from which usable materials can be legally and economically extracted.

Front 18

Explain why resources aren't reserves.

Back 18

Because they are presumed to exist but they may not be legally or economically exploitable.

Front 19

What are our options when the availability of a mineral becomes a limitation?

Back 19

We would have to switch our technologies to other resources.

Front 20

Explain the three patterns of resource use depicted in figure 29.5

Back 20

Rapid consumption uses resources quickly but does not leave them for the future. Conservation enable the resources to be used for a longer period of time but still eventually drops. conservatin and recyling keeps the resource going for a long period of time and make keep it stable after depletion.

Front 21

The US consumes a disproportionate share of the world’s minerals. What are some of the political implications of our dependence on foreign imports?

Back 21

We must remain on good terms with foreign countries and help stop current issues like civils wars in order to protect our import of minerals and resources that are produced.

Front 22

What are some of the environmental impacts of mineral exploration and use?

Back 22

Exploration has a mineral impact on the enviornment but some areas are very sensitive to small disturbances such as vehicular traffic. There is great impact on the land water and air and biologic resources from mining and ming waste.

Front 23

What are the advantages and disadvantages of surface and subsurface mining?

Back 23

Advantages: surface mining: cheaper, easier to get to.
Subsurface mining: Subsurface mining: greater aethetic appear and less surface land impact.

Disadvantages of surface mining: possible release of harmful trace elements into the environment, water resources are vunerable to degradation. Disadvantage of subsurface mining: The mining operation waste comes into contact with slow moving subsurface water.

Front 24

What are tailings?

Back 24

They are the waste materials left over after removing the minerals from ore. (ORE EXTRACTION)

Front 25

What is acid mine drainage?

Back 25

cid mine drainage (AMD), also called acid rock water or acid rock drainage (ARD), refers to the outflow of acidic water from (usually) abandoned metal mines or coal mines

Front 26

What does the Surface Mine Reclamation Act of 1977 require?

Back 26

The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) is the primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States. As stated above, SMCRA has two main parts: regulation of active mines and reclamation of abandoned mine systems.

Front 27

What are some of the social impacts of mineral exploitation?

Back 27

Stress is placed on local services such as water supply, sewage, solid waste disposal and schools and housing.

Front 28

What can we do to delay a crisis by overuse of mineral resources?

Back 28

Environmental regulations at the state, federal and local level. On and off site treatment of waste, practicing the R's of waste managment

Front 29

General Mining Act of 1872 and some of the social and political implications of this law.

Back 29

Designed to promote development in the west. Originally intended to provide jobs and develop the economy. All public land was open for prospecting metals and minerals.