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22 Cards in this Set
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Cubist Movement
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20th-century art style; best represented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes.
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Benito Mussolini
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Italian fascist leader after World War I; created first fascist government (1922-1943) based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories.
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Fascism
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Political philosophy that became pre-dominant in Italy and Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction.
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Syndicalism
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Economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics.
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Mexican Revolution
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Fought over a period of almost ten years from 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.
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Porfirio Díaz
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One of Juárez's generals; elected president off Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government.
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Francisco Madero
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(1873-1913) Moderate democratic reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Porfirio Díaz; initiated revolution against Díaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power,but removed and assassinated in 1913
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Pancho Villa
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(1878-1923) Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Díaz from power in 1911; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta.
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Emiliano Zapata
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Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Díaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform.
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Victoriano Huerta
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Attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Madero in 1913; forced from power in 1914 by Villa and Zapata.
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Alvaro Obregón
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(1880-1928) Emerged as leader of the Mexican government in 1915; elected president in 1920.
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Mexican Constitution of 1917
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Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution.
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Diego Rivera
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(1886-1957) Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the Indian part with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.
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José Clemente Orozoco
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(1883-1949) Mexican muralist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; like Rivera's, his work featured romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.
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Cristeros
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Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism movement resulted in armed violence.
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Alexander Kerensky
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(1881-1970) Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; sought development of parliamentary rule, religious freedom.
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Red Army
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Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background.
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New Economic Policy
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Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover.
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
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Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.
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Supreme Soviet
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Parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions.
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Joseph Stalin
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Successor to Lenin as head of the U.S.S.R.; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led U.S.S.R. through World War II; furthered cold war with western Europe and the United States; died in 1953.
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Collectivization
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Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants, though often lowered food production; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other communist regimes.
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