Chapter 28 - Reproductive System

Front 1

Scrotum

Back 1

contains the testes and is divided into two internal compartments by an incomplete connective tissue septum;

Front 2

Raphe

Back 2

an irregular ridge marking the external midline of the scrotum; continues posteriorly to the anus and anteriorly to the base of the penis

Front 3

Dartos muscle

Back 3

a layer of smooth muscle within the scrotum; contracts when exposed to cool temperatures; pulls the skin upward, decreasing the overall size of the scrotum

Front 4

Cremaster muscles

Back 4

extensions of adominal muscles into the scrotum; contract in colder temperatures to help pull the testes nearer the body, helping to keep the testes warm; relax in warm temperatures to lower the testes away from the body;
lies between the two layers of spermatic fascia covering the spermatic cord

Front 5

Perineum

Back 5

the area between the thighs bounded by the symphysis pubis anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally

Front 6

Urogenital triangle

Back 6

anterior triangle within the perineum;
contains the base of the penis and the scrotum

Front 7

Anal triangle

Back 7

posterior triangle within the perineum;
contains the anal opening

Front 8

Testes

Back 8

small ovoid organs;
primary reproductive organ in the male;
both exocrine and endocrine glands

Front 9

Tunica albuginea

Back 9

the outer part of the testis; thick, white capsule consisting of mostly fibrous connective tissue

Front 10

Septa (testes)

Back 10

connective tissue divisions within the testis that divides the internal portion of the organ into numerous lobules

Front 11

Lobules

Back 11

cone shaped compartments within the interior protion of the testis;
formed by the incomplete septa of the tunica albuginea

Front 12

Seminiferous tubules

Back 12

the sight of spermatogenesis in the testes;
surrounded by a loose connective tissue stroma that surrounds the tubules and contains clusters of interstitial cells

Front 13

Interstitial cells

Back 13

endocrine cells located between the seminiferous tubules; produce testosterone

Front 14

Tubuli recti

Back 14

a set of short, straight tubules into which the seminiferous tubules empty

Front 15

Rete testis

Back 15

a tubular network into which the tubuli recti empty

Front 16

Efferent ductules

Back 16

each testis contains 15-20 of these tubules into which the rete testis empties into; pierce the tunica albuginea to exit the testes;
inner layer contains ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium that helps move sperm cells out of the testis

Front 17

Gubernaculum

Back 17

a fibromuscular cord that attaches the testes to the tissue that will become the scrotum; developed by the 14th week

Front 18

Inguinal canal

Back 18

bilateral oblique passageways in the anterior abdominal wall;
forms between weeks 14 and 28; testes move through them to descend into the srotum;
much smaller in females

Front 19

Process vaginallis

Back 19

an outpocketing of the peritoneum that precedes the descent of the testes

Front 20

Tunica vagnialis

Back 20

the residual portion of the process vaginallis in adults; surrounds most of the testis, small amount of fluid in it allows the testis to move with little friction; a serous membrane consisting of a layer of simple squamous epithelium that rests on a basement membrane

Front 21

Deep inguinal rings

Back 21

origination point of the inguinal canal; open through the aponeuroses of the transverse abdominal muscles

Front 22

Superficial inguinal rings

Back 22

termination point of the inguinal canals; opening in the aponeuroses of the external abdominal oblique muscles

Front 23

Cryptorchidism

Back 23

a failure of one or both of the testes to descend into the scrotum; the higher temperature of the abdominal caivty prevents nromal sperm production

Front 24

Spermatogenesis

Back 24

the process of sperm cell development

Front 25

Sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells)

Back 25

large cells that extend from the periphery to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule;
nourish germ cells; probably work with interstitial cells in producing numeorus hormones

Front 26

Blood-testis barrier

Back 26

tight juncitons located between sustentacular cells; isolates sperm cells from the immune system;
significant because as sperm cells develop, they form surface antigens that the immune system would attack

Front 27

Dihydrotestosterone

Back 27

a hormone produced in sustentacular cells from testosterone

Front 28

Androgen-binding protein

Back 28

a protein secreted into the seminiferous tubules by the sustentacular cells;
carries hormones created in the testis to the epididymis

Front 29

Spermatogonia

Back 29

the most peripheral cells in the seminiferous tubules;
divide by mitosis

Front 30

Primary spermatocyte

Back 30

spermatocyte arising by a growth phase from a spermatogonium; gives rise to secondary spermatocytes after first meiotic division

Front 31

Secondary spermatocyte

Back 31

spermatocyte derived from a primary spermatocyte by the first meitoic division;
each secondary spermatocyte gives rise by the second meiotic division to two spermatids

Front 32

Spermatids

Back 32

immature sperm cells that result fromt the secondary spermatocyte by the second meiotic division

Front 33

Spermiogenesis

Back 33

the process by which a spermatid becomes a spermatozoan;
during this time, the head, midpiece and tail are formed

Front 34

Spermatozoan

Back 34

a mature sperm cell

Front 35

Acrosome

Back 35

a cap on the head of the spermatozoan;
contains hydrolytic enzymes used to pierce the surface of the secondary oocyte

Front 36

Epididymis

Back 36

a comma shaped structure on the posterior side of the testis into which the efferent ductus leads;
site of final sperm cell maturation

Front 37

Duct of the epididymis

Back 37

a convoluted structure of the epididymis through which sperm cells move;
contains pseudostratified columnar epithelium with elongated microvilli

Front 38

Stereocilia

Back 38

elongated microvilli within the duct of the epididymis that function to increase the surface area of the epithelial cells that absorb fluid from the lumen of the duct

Front 39

Ductus deferens (vas deferens)

Back 39

the emerging end of the epididymis, ascends along the posterior side of the testis medial to the epididymis and become associated with the blood vessels and nerves that supply the testis

Front 40

Spermatic cord

Back 40

a structure conssisting of the ductus deferens, the testicular artery and venous plexus, lymphatic vessels, nerves, fibrous remnant of the process vaginallis

Front 41

External and Internal spermatic fascia

Back 41

external and internal connective tissue layers the surround the spermatic cord

Front 42

Ampulla

Back 42

an enlargement at the end of the ductus deferens

Front 43

Ejaculatory duct

Back 43

a short duct leading from the seminal vesicle and joining the ampulla of the ductus deferens;
project into the prostata gland and end by opening into the urethra

Front 44

Male urethra

Back 44

extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis;
passageway for male reproductive fluids and urine; divided into three parts, prostatic, membranous, and spongy

Front 45

Prostatic urethra

Back 45

a section of the male urethra that is connected to the urinary bladder and passes through the prostate gland;
ejaculatory ducts and other ducts join the urethra here

Front 46

Membranous urethra

Back 46

shortest part of the urethra;
extends from the prostate gland through the perineum

Front 47

Spongy urethra

Back 47

the longest part of the urethra;
extends from the membranous urethra through the length of the penis

Front 48

Penis

Back 48

male copulatory organ

Front 49

Corpora cavernosa

Back 49

two erectile columns that form the dorsum and sides of the penis; during erection, these fill with blood

Front 50

Corpus spongiosum

Back 50

erectile column that forms the ventral portion of the penis; expands to form a cap called the glans penis; urethra passes through

Front 51

Glans penis

Back 51

a cap formed over the distal end of the penis by the corpus spongiosum

Front 52

External urethral orifice

Back 52

the external opening of the urehtra

Front 53

Seminal vesicles

Back 53

sac-shaped glands located next to the ampullae of the ductus deferentia; have capsules containing fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle cells

Front 54

Prostate gland

Back 54

consists of both glandular and muscular tissue and is about the size and shape of a walnut; dorsal to the symphysis pubis at the base of the urinary bladder

Front 55

Bulbourethral glands

Back 55

a pair of small glands located near the membranous part of the urethra; small ducts from each gland unite to form a single duct which enters the songy urethra at the base of the penis

Front 56

Semen

Back 56

a composite of sperm cells and secretions from the male reproductive glands;
60% from the seminal vesicles
30% from the prostate gland
5% from the testes
5% from the bulbourehtral glands

Front 57

Emission

Back 57

discharge and acculmulation of semen into the prostatic urethra; sympathetic reactions cause peristalsis, causing semen to be released in to the prostatic urethra

Front 58

Ejaculation

Back 58

the forceful expulsion of semen from the urethra caused by the contraction of the urethra, the skeletal muscles in the floow of the pelvis, and the muscles at the base of the penis

Front 59

What are the primary effects of LH on the male reproductive system?

Back 59

binds to interstital cells in the testes and causes them to increase their rate of testosterone synthesis and secretion

Front 60

What are the primary effects of FSH on the male reproductive system?

Back 60

binds primarily to sustentacular cells in the seminiferous tubules and promotes sperm cell development

Front 61

Testosterone

Back 61

the major male hormone secreted by the testes; classified as an andorgen because it stimulates the development of male reproductive organs; also regulates GnRH secretion

Front 62

Inhibin

Back 62

a hormone secreted by the sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules; inhibits FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary

Front 63

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Back 63

a gonadotropin-like hormone secreted by the placenta;
stimulates the synthesis and secretion of testosterone by the fetal testes before birth

Front 64

Puberty

Back 64

the age at which individuals become capable of sexual reproduction;
during this stage, the hypothalamus becomes much less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of androgens, GnRH secretions increase

Front 65

What are some of the effets of testosterone on the body?

Back 65

hair growth, coarser skin, increase the rate of sebaceous secretions in facial region, hypertrophy of larynx, reduced tension in vocal cords, general stimulatory effect on metabolism, sodium retention, promotes protein synthesis, rapid bone growth

Front 66

Orgasm

Back 66

a climactic sensation that occurs during the male sexual act, associated with ejaculation

Front 67

Resolution

Back 67

Post-ejaculatory phase in which the penis becomes flaccid, an overall feeling of satisfaction exists, and the male is unable to achieve erection

Front 68

Impotence

Back 68

the inability to achieve or maintain an erection and to accomplish the male sexual act

Front 69

Describe the pathway by which the male sexual response is executed.

Back 69

action potentials are conducted by sensory neurons from the genitals through the pudendal nerve to the sacral region of the spinal cord where reflexes are conducted;
action potentials from the cerebrum reinforce the sacral reflexes;
nerve fibers release ACh and NO (smooth muscle relaxation)

Front 70

Erection

Back 70

parasympathetic; the first major component of the male sexual act; occurs when the penis becomes enlarged and rigid from blood filling the sinusoids of erectile tissue; results from ACh and NO release from pudendal nerve

Front 71

Broad ligament

Back 71

an extension of the peritoneum that spreads out on both sides of the uterus and to which the ovaries and uterine tubes are attached;

Front 72

Ovaries

Back 72

female reproductive organs;
site of oogenesis

Front 73

Mesovarium

Back 73

a peritoneal fold that attaches each ovary to the posterior surface of the brad ligament

Front 74

Suspensory ligament

Back 74

extends from the mesovarium to the body wall, helping to support the ovaries

Front 75

Ovarian ligament

Back 75

attaches the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus