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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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steel
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A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.
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electricity
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A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.
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Thomas Edison
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(1847-1931) American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
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submarine telegraph cables
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Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866.
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railroads
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Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first railroads were built in England in the 18300s. Their success caused railroad-building boom throughout world that lasted well into 20th century.
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socialism
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Political ideology originated in Europe (1830s). Socialists advocated govenrment protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of idustries. Led to founding of socialist/labor parties througout Europe 2nd half of 19th century.
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labor unions
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Organization of workers in particular industry or trade, created to defend interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers.
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Karl Marx
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(1818-1883) German journalist and philosopher, founder of Marxist branch of socialism. Know for two books: THe Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894)
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Victorian Age
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Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). Late nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people.
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"separate spheres"
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19th century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of middle class, should have clearly differentiated roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics.
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nationalism
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Political ideology stressing people's membership in nation--comunity defined by common cultur/history and territory. (18th-19th century) was force for unity in W. Europe. (Late 19th century) hastened disintegration of Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. (20th century) provided ideological foundation for scores of independent countries of colonialism.
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liberalism
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Political ideology emphasizing civil rights of citiezens, representative government, and protection of private property. Derived from Enlightenment and was popular among property-owning middle classes of Europe/North America.
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Otto von Bismarck
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(1815-1898) Chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia (1862-1871), when he became chancellor of Germany. Conservative nationlist. Led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for creation of German Empires (1871)
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Charles Darwin
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(1809-1882) English naturalist. Studied plants and animals of South America and Pacific islands. Book, On the Origin of SPecies by Means of Natural Selection(1859), set forth his theory of evolution.
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Empress Dowager Cixi
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(1835-1908) Empress of CHina and mother of Emperor Guangxi. Put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of Chinese government and armoed forces.
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Yamagata Aritomo
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(1838-1922) One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration.
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