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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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mixotroph
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An organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy.
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heterothroph
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absorbing organic molecules or ingesting larger food particles
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photoautotrophs
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contain chloroplasts
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Three categories of protists
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1. photosynthetic (plant–like) protists, or algae
2. ingestive (animal–like) protists, or protozoans 3. absorptive (fungus–like) |
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Habitats
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aquatic (marine and fresh)
damp soil leaf litter botton dwellers top dwellers (plankton) |
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Symbiont
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organism that lives within another host organism
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Endosymbiotic Theory
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a process in which certain unicellular organisms engulfed other cells mainly cyanobacteria, which became endosymbionts and ultimately organelles in the host cell
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Reproduction of protists
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1. asexual
2. sexual meiosis 3. syngamy |
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Primary Endosymbiosis - Mitochondria
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the earliest eukaryotes probably acquired mitochondria by engulfing alpha proteobacteria (an aerobic bacteria)
Origin of animals |
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Primary Endosymbiosis - Plastid
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one lineage of heterotrophic eukaryotes acquired an additional endosymbiont—a photosynthetic cyanobacterium—that then evolved into plastids
origin of plants |
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Secondary endosymbiosis -
Green and Red Algae |
A process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell
Examples: 1. cryptomonads - a protozoa engulfed a red alga 2. chlorarachniophytes - a flagellated protozoan engulfs a green alga |
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The clades:
diplomonads and parabasalids |
1.lack plastids,
2. mitochondria do not have DNA, electron transport chains, or enzymes that are normally needed for the citric acid cycle. 3. In some species, the mitochondria are very small and produce cofactors for enzymes involved in ATP production in the cytosol. 4. found in anaerobic environments. |
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Diplomonads
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1. modified mitochondria
2. two equal–sized nuclei, 3. multiple flagella. NOTE: Giardia intestinalis Boil water before drinking, diarrhea |
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Parabasalids
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modified mitochondria.
Trichomonas vaginalis, a common inhabitant of the vagina of human females |
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Euglenozoans
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diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites
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Kinetoplastids
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a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast
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Trypanosoma
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1. genus Trypanosoma cause FATAL sleeping sickness in humans (African tsetse fly
2.also causes Chagas′ disease, which is transmitted by bloodsucking insects and can lead to congestive heart failure |
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Euglenids
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A protist characterized by:
1. an anterior pocket, or chamber, from which one or two flagella emerge 2. Paramylon, a glucose polymer that functions as a storage molecule 3. autotrophic, but when sunlight is unavailable, they can become heterotrophic 4. engulf prey by phagocytosis |
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Alveolates
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membrane bounded sacs (alveoli) just under plasma membrane
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Dinoflagellates
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1. aquatic photoautothrophs and heterothrophs
2. marine and freshwater phytoplankton 3. internal plates of cellulose 4. Two flagella |
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Red tides
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1. Result of rapid growth of dinoflagellates
2. toxic to humans |
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Apicomplexans
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1. Parasites of animals and causes of some serious human diseases
2. "Apex" contains complex of penetrating organelles 3. apicoplast - non-photosynthetic plastid 4. sexual and non-sexual stages require multiple hosts |
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Sexual reproduction -Apicomplexans
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1. OOcyst hosted in mosquitoes produce Sporozoites
2. Sporozoites invade the liver of humans and produce Merozoites 3. Merozoites invade the red blood cells and produce gametocytes 4. The gametes are fertilized and produce a zygote |
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Ciliates
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1. cilia
2. large macro nucleotide 3. small micro nucleotide |
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Ciliate reproduction
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1. conjugation
2. binary fission |
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Conjugation
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sexual process that provides genetic variation
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Stramenopila
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1. hairy flagellum
2. smooth flagellum |
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OOmycete (water mold)
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1. decomposer
2. parasite 3. filaments (hyphae) facilitate nutrient uptake |
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Potato Blight
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Caused by an oomycete
Phytophora infestans |
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Oomycete asexual reproduction
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zoosporangium -> zoospore -> cyst -> germ tube
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Oomycete sexual reproduction
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oogonium -> egg nucleus + antheridial Hypha with sperm nuclei -> Zygote germination
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Diatom
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unicellular algae with unique two part wall of hydrated silica
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Golden Algae or Chrysophytes
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1. yellow and brown carotoneids
2. biflagellated 3. Unicellular colonial |
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Brown algae phtyophaetes
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Most complex Multicellular
Marine Seaweed |
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Brown algae reproduction
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Zoospores -> female gametophyte -> egg
male gametophyte -> sperm fertilization -> zygote -> sporophyte -> sporangia |
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Cercozoa
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Amoeba with Threadlike Pseudopodia
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Formainiferans (Forams)
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Porous multi-chambered shells called tests and pseudopodia
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Radiolarians
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Tests made of delicate silica
Phagocytose microorganisms with their pseudopodia |
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axopodia
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radiate from central body
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Amoebozoans
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Amoeba with lobe-shaped pseudopods
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Gymnamoeba
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heterothropic
actively consume bacteria and other protists |
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Entamoeba
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Parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates
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Slime molds mycetozoans
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once thought to be fungi, but molecularly like Amoebozoa
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Plasmodial slime molds
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bright colored orange or yellow
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Plasmodium
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mass undivided by membranes
extends pseudopodia through decomposing material |
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Cellular Slime Molds
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form multicellular aggregates in which cells are separated by their membranes
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Dictyostelium discoideum
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an experimental model for studying the evolution of multicellularity
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Red algae and green algae
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closest relatives of land plants
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Red algae
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phycoerythrin
multicellular tropics |
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Green Algae
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closely related to land plants
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chlorophytes
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Fresh water or marine, damp soil, as symbionts in lichens, or in snow
unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms sexual and asexual |
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Plasmodial slime mold reproduction meiosis
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Spores -> germinating spore -> Flagellated cells -> amoeboid cells
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Plasmodial slime mold reproduction Syngamy
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zygote -> feeding plasmodium -> mature plasmodium -> young sporangium ->mature sporangium
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Asexual amoeba
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Spores -> emerging amoeba ->
solitary amoebas (feeding) |
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How did Animals, Plants and Fungi evolve?
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Animals, Plants and Fungi descended from Protists and other bacteria via Endosymbiosis
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Fungi
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1. Multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs
2. historically been grouped with plants but are actually more closely related to animals 3. Have cell walls made of chitin |
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Fungi as symbiont
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1. increase surface area of plant roots for water and mineral absorption from the soil.
2. The fungus benefits by obtaining organic nutrients synthesized by the plant. |
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Mycorrhizae
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1. associations between plant roots and fungi
2. may have contributed to colonization of plants onto land by enabling them to thrive, even in nutrient-poor soils. |
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Fungi as parasites
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- absorb nutrients from other living cells
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Plant pathogens
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Chestnut blight, ergotism
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Animal pathogens
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athlete’s foot, jock itch, ringworm
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Fungi as Food source
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Provide nutrition for other living cells
Example: mushrooms |
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Fungi (other uses)
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Used in baking, brewing and winemaking
Production of some cheeses, soy sauce and tofu Production of antibiotics and other medicines (cyclosporins) |
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Hyphae
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network of tiny filaments that form the body and mycelium of fungi
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Mycelium
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interwoven mass formed of hyphae that inlfiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds
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Septa
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cellular cross-walls that allow movement of small organelles between cells
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Spore
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a reproductive cell capable of dividing to produce a multicellular individual by itself
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Sporangium
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a structure in which spores are produced
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Plasmogamy
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fusion of cytoplasm of two different cells
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Karyogamy
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fusion of nuclei of two different cells
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Syngamy
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fusion of two cells (fertilization)
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Dikaryotic (n + n)
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having two genetically different nuclei within one cell (not haploid or diploid)
one from each parent |
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Phytoplankton
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plant-like protists
perform photosynthesis and are autotrophs |
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Zooplankton
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animal-like protists
heterotrophs |
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Green algae - Chlorophyta
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mostly freshwater aquatic organisms
some grow in moist soil, or even in snow similar biochemically to higher green plants, which are derived from these algae |
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Red and Brown algae
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mostly marine algae
red algae can grow to great depths in the ocean - deeper than any other photosynthetic organisms brown algae have flagella (none in red algae) Some, like the kelps, can be up to 100 meters long |
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Unicellular Protists
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Most are single-celled and many have cilia or flagella
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Zoomastigotes
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move by long flagella.
Many are parasitic, causing such diseases as sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma) |
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Diatoms
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Have a shell made of silicon, in two halves.
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Dinoflagellates -
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Can cause red tides, which are toxic blooms that sea life and poison shellfish. Some live symbiotically with corals, providing them with carbon compounds through photosynthesis (which is why coral is restricted to shallow seas)
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Amoebas -
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no cell walls. Move by extensions of the protoplasm, known as pseudopods. Cause of dysentery
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Sporozoans
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major cause of malaria
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Fungi
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1. Diverse and Widespread
2. Critical to terrestrial ecosystems because they decompose and recycle vital nutrients |
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Fungi Nutrition
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1. Heterotrophs that do not eat/engulf their food.
2. Secrete Exoenzymes that break down complex compounds and absorb smaller constituents |
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Fungi Lifestyles
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1. Mutualistic Symbiont
2. Parasite 3. Decomposer |
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Coenocytic fungi
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lack septa in hypha
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Haustoria
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Hypha adapted for entering and destroying prey
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi
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form sheaths of hyphae over the root and also grow into the exoskeleton of the cell membrane
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Endomycorrhizal fungi
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form hyphae extended through
the cell wells of the root and also form tubes through invagination of the root cell membrane |
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heterokaryon (2+2)
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having two genetically identical nuclei within one cell (not haploid or diploid)
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Yeasts
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1. inhabit moist environments
2. reproduce asexually by simple cell division |
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Deuteromycetes
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1. Imperfect fungi
2. No known sexual stage |
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Origin of Fungi
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1. Animals and Fungi evolved from a common unicellular flagellate
2. Evolved before multi-cellular moved to land 3. 460 million years old |
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Chytrids
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1. earliest Fungi
2. saprobic or parasitic 3. freshwater and terrestrial 4. have Zoospores (flagellated spores) |
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Zygomycetes
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1. fast growing molds, parasites, commensal symbiont
2. named for sexually produced Zygosporangia |
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microsporidia
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unicellular parasites of animals and protists
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glomermycetes
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endomycorrhizae arsbucular
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ascomycetes
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unicellular yeasts
morels cup fungi sexual spores in saclike asci |
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conidia
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produced asexually by tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores
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basidiomycetes
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mushrooms and shelf fungi
long-lived dikaryotic mycelium |
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basidium
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a clublike structure that is a transient diploid stage in a basidiomycetes
source of sexual spores - basidiospores |
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basidiocarps (mushrooms)
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sexual produced elaborate fruiting bodies
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Fungi-animal symbiosis
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Cows-fungi breakdown plant matter in gut
Ants, termites - use digestive power of fungi |
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Lichens
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symbiotic association of million microorganisms in a fungi hyphae
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Lichen symbiosis
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fungal component ascomycete
alga or cyanobacteria inhabit inner surface under fungi |
