Chapter 27B The Reproductive System

Front 1

The primary female reproducive organ is the ____.

Back 1

ovaries

Front 2

This makes female gametes.

Back 2

ova

Front 3

Name two female sex hormones

Back 3

estrogen
progesterone

Front 4

Internal genitalia is

Back 4

ovaries
internal ducts

Front 5

External genitalia is

Back 5

external sex organs

Front 6

This ligament anchors the ovary medially to the uterus

Back 6

ovarian ligament

Front 7

This ligament contains the suspensory ligament and the mesovarium

Back 7

Broad ligament

Front 8

This ligment anchors he ovary laterally to the pelvic wall

Back 8

Suspensory ligament

Front 9

This ligament suspends the ovary in between

Back 9

Mesovarium ligament

Front 10

This is the blood supply for the ovaries

Back 10

Ovarian arteries and the ovarian branch of the uterine tube

Front 11

These are embedded in the ovary cortex

Back 11

ovarian follicles

Front 12

An immature egg is called

Back 12

oocyte

Front 13

The cells that surround the oocyte are called

Back 13

follicle cells- one layer thick
granulosa cells-more than one layer is present

Front 14

This follicle is a secondary follicle at its most mature stage that bulges from the surface of the ovary

Back 14

Graafian follicle

Front 15

What follicle has one layer of squamouslike follicle cells surrounds the oocyte

Back 15

Primordial follicle

Front 16

What follicle has two or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells enclose the oocyte.

Back 16

Primary follicle

Front 17

What follicle has a fluid-filled space between granulosa cells that coalesces to form a central antrum

Back 17

Secondary follicle

Front 18

This is the ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle

Back 18

Ovulation

Front 19

This is a ruptured after ovulation

Back 19

Corpus luteum

Front 20

_______ receives the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization

Back 20

Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes( and oviducts

Front 21

The uterine tubes empty into the superlateral region of the uterus via the _____.

Back 21

isthmus

Front 22

The uterine tubes expand distally around the ovary forming the ______.

Back 22

ampulla

Front 23

The ampulla ends in the funnel-shaped, ciliated infundibulum containing fingerlike projections called_______.

Back 23

fimbriae

Front 24

The uterine tubes have no contact with the ovaries and the ovulated oocyte is cast into the _______ cavity.

Back 24

peritoneal

Front 25

What causes the currents to carry the oocyte into the uterine tube?

Back 25

beating cilia onthe fimbriae

Front 26

Visceral peritoneum that supports the uterine tubes

Back 26

Mesosalpinx

Front 27

Hollow, thick-walled organ located in the pelvis anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder.

Back 27

Uterus

Front 28

The major portion on the uterus is called the

Back 28

body

Front 29

The rounded region superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes is called the

Back 29

fundus

Front 30

What type of cells keep the oocyte and the sperm nourished and moist?

Back 30

nonciliated cells

Front 31

This is the narrowed region between the body and the cervix.

Back 31

Isthmus

Front 32

The narrow neck which projects into the vagina inferiorly

Back 32

Cervix

Front 33

The cavity of the cervix that communcates with the bagina via the external os and the uterine body via the interal os

Back 33

cervical canal

Front 34

These glands secrete mucus that covers the external os and blocks sperm entry except during midcycle.

Back 34

Cervical glands

Front 35

This is the portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterus laterally

Back 35

Mesometrium

Front 36

This extends from the cervix and superior part of the vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis.

Back 36

Lateral cervical ligaments

Front 37

These are paired ligaments that secure the uterus to the sacrum

Back 37

Uterosacral ligaments

Front 38

The uterine wall is composed of three layers. What are they?

Back 38

perimetrium - outermost layer, the visceral peritoneum
Myometrium - middle layer, interlacing layers of smooth muscle
Endometrium- mucosal lining of the uterine cavity

Front 39

The is the outermost layer of the uterine wall

Back 39

perimetrium

Front 40

This is the middle layer of the uterine wall

Back 40

Myometrium

Front 41

This is the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity

Back 41

Endometrium

Front 42

This undergoes cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones

Back 42

Srtatum functionalis

Front 43

This forms a new functionalis after menstration ends and does not respnd to ovarian hormones

Back 43

Stratum basalis

Front 44

The thin-walled tube lying between the bladder and the rectum, extending from the cervix to the exterior of the body is the

Back 44

vagina

Front 45

The urethra is embedded in the ______ wall

Back 45

anterior

Front 46

This provides a passageway for birth, menstrual flow, and is the organ of copulation.

Back 46

Vagina

Front 47

Name the three coats of the vaginal wall

Back 47

Fibroelastic adventitia
smooth muscle muscularis
Stratisfied squamous mucosa

Front 48

Mucosa near the vaginal orifice forms an incomplete partition called the ______.

Back 48

hymen

Front 49

This is the upper end of the vagina surrounding the cervix.

Back 49

vaginal fornix

Front 50

This lies external to the vagina and includes the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, and vestibular structures

Back 50

vulva (pudendum)

Front 51

This round, fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis is the

Back 51

mons pubis

Front 52

Enlongated, hair-covered, fatty skin folds homoolgous to the male scrotum

Back 52

Labia majoria

Front 53

Hair free skin folds lying within the labia majora; homologous to the ventral penis

Back 53

Labia minora

Front 54

These are pea sized gland flanking the vagina, homologous to the bulbourethral glands and keep the vestibule moist and lubricated

Back 54

Vulva

Front 55

Erectile tissue hooded by the prepuse and the exposed portion is called the glans

Back 55

Clitoris

Front 56

Diamond-shaped region between the pubic arch and coccyx and bordered by the ischial tuberosities laterally

Back 56

Perineum

Front 57

These are modifed sweat glands consisting of 15-25 lobes that radiate around and open at the nipple

Back 57

mammary glands

Front 58

Pigmented skin surrounding the nipple

Back 58

areola

Front 59

Lobes contain ____ _____ that produce milk in lactating women

Back 59

glandular alveoli

Front 60

What glands pass milk to lactiferous ducts, which open to the outside

Back 60

Compound alveolar glands

Front 61

Breast cancer usually arises from the ______ cells of the ducts.

Back 61

dpithelial

Front 62

This is the production of female sex cells by meiosis

Back 62

oogenesis

Front 63

When is the total supply of eggs determined?

Back 63

by the time she is born

Front 64

In the fetal period, oogonia multiply by

Back 64

Mitosis and store nutrients

Front 65

These follicles appear as oogonia are transfomred into primary oocytes

Back 65

Primoridal follicles

Front 66

Primary oocytes begin meiosis but stall in

Back 66

Prophase I

Front 67

At puberty, one activated primary oocyte produces two _____ cells

Back 67

haploid

Front 68

The first two haploid cells are

Back 68

first polar body
secondary oocyte

Front 69

The secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and is _____.

Back 69

ovulated

Front 70

If penetrated by sperm, the second oocyte completed ______.

Back 70

meiosis II

Front 71

The second oocyte completed meiois II and yields ______ and ______.

Back 71

one large ovum (the functional gamete)
A tiny second polar body

Front 72

The ovarian cycle is a monthly series of events associated with _____________.

Back 72

the maturation of an egg

Front 73

This is the period of follicle growth (days 1 - 14)

Back 73

follicular phase

Front 74

This is the period of corpus luteum activity (days 14 - 28)

Back 74

Luteal phase

Front 75

When does ovulation occur?

Back 75

midcycle

Front 76

The primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle when

Back 76

The theca folliculi and granulosa cells cooperate to produce estrogens
The zona pellucidaforms around the oocyte
The antrum is formed

Front 77

The secondary follicle becomes a vesicular folllicle when

Back 77

The antrum expands and isolates the ocyte and the corona radiata
The full size follicle bulges from the external surface of the ovary
The primary oocyte completes meiosis 1, and the stage is set for ovulation

Front 78

When does ovulation occur?

Back 78

When the ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte

Front 79

A twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation

Back 79

Mittelschmerz

Front 80

1 - 2 percent of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which if fertilized, results in

Back 80

fraternal twins

Front 81

In this phase, after ovulation, the ruptured follicle collapses, granulosa cells enlarge, and along with internal thecal cells, form the corupus leteum.

Back 81

Luteal Phase

Front 82

What does the corpus leteum secrete?

Back 82

progesterone and estrogen

Front 83

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteium degenerages in 10 days and leaves a scar known as

Back 83

corpus albicans

Front 84

If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum produces hormones until the _____________.

Back 84

placenta takes over

Front 85

During childhood, ovaries grow and secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit the hypothalamic release of ______

Back 85

GnRH

Front 86

As puberty nears, GnRH is released: FSH and LH are released by the _________, which act on the ovaries

Back 86

pituitary

Front 87

The ovarian cycle continues until an adult cyclic pattern is achieved and _________ occurs

Back 87

menarche

Front 88

Day 1 of the ovairan cycle, GnRH stimualtes the release of _________.

Back 88

FSH and LH

Front 89

What does FSH and LH stimulage?

Back 89

The follicle growth and maturation, and low-level estrogen release

Front 90

This inhibits the release of FSH and LH

Back 90

rising estrogen levels

Front 91

Estrogen levels increase during the ovarian cycle and high estrogen levels have a positive feedback effect on the pituitary, causing a sudden surge of ____.

Back 91

LH

Front 92

The LH spike stimulates the primary oocyte to complete _________, and the secondary oocyte continues on to ___________.

Back 92

meiosis I
metaphase II

Front 93

LH triggers ovualtion on what day?

Back 93

day 14

Front 94

LH transforms the ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum, which produces ______, _______, and _______.

Back 94

inhibin
progesterone
estrogen

Front 95

During what days does the decline of the ovarian hormones occur, the blockade of FSH and LH, and the cycle starts anew

Back 95

Days 26 - 28

Front 96

Series of cyclic changes that the uterine edometrium goes through each month in response to ovarian hormones in the blood.

Back 96

uterine (menstral) cycle

Front 97

Days 1 - 5

Back 97

Menstrual phase - uterus sheds all but the deepest part of the endometrium

Front 98

Days 6 - 14

Back 98

Proliferative (preovulatory) phase - endometrium rebuilds itself

Front 99

Days 15 - 28

Back 99

Secretory (postovulatory) phase - endometrium prepares for implantation of the embryo

Front 100

If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels fall, depriving the endometrium of hormonal support

Back 100

mensus

Front 101

Estrogen levels rise during

Back 101

puberty

Front 102

Secondary sex characteristics consist of

Back 102

growth of breasts
increased deposition of subcutaneous fat, especially int he hips and breasts
Widening and lightening of the pelvis
Growth of axillary and pubic hair

Front 103

the clitoris, vaginal mucosa and breasts engorge with blood consist of

Back 103

female sexual responses

Front 104

Activity of these glands lubricate the vestibule and facilitates entry of the penis

Back 104

vestibular glands

Front 105

accompanied by muscle tension, increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, and rhythmical contractions of the uterus is

Back 105

an orgasm

Front 106

Genetic sex is determined by the sex chromosomes that each _____ contains

Back 106

gamete

Front 107

What are the two sex chromosomes?

Back 107

X and Y

Front 108

Females have ______ sex chromosome(s)

Back 108

2

Front 109

What are the mens sex chromosomes?

Back 109

1 - X
1 - Y

Front 110

All eggs have an ____ chromosome; half the sperm have an ____ and the other half a _____.

Back 110

all eggs - X
1/2 sperm X other 1/2 Y

Front 111

This gene iniates testes development and determines maleness

Back 111

A single gene on the Y chromosome; SRY gene