Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Define: |
Taxis: directed movement toward or away from a stimulus. Negative phototaxis: movement AWAY FROM light |
Taxis go places. |
|
|
Define: |
A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions. (when lack an essential nutrient) |
endo, encase, enhance when exposed |
|
|
Define: |
Method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." |
|
|
|
Define: |
Organisms that obtain energy from the light |
|
|
|
Define: |
Organisms that obtain energy from chemicals |
|
|
|
Define: |
Organisms that need only CO2 or related compounds as a carbon source |
|
|
|
Define: |
Organisms that require at least one organic nutrient (i.e. glucose) to make other organic compounds |
|
|
|
Define: |
Organism that carries out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration. They can NOT use oxygen and are poisoned by it. |
obligated to be anaerobic, anti air |
|
|
Define: |
Organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and to survive. |
obligated to air, aerobic |
|
|
Define: |
Organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but SWITCHES to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present. (so both) |
facultative: capable but not restricted to something/function |
|
|
Define: |
The use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems. |
bio-life,organisms remedi --> remedy organisms remedy, restore |
|
|
What are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution? |
Bacteria |
NOT eukaryotic. No nucleus. |
|
|
What are the components of a prokaryotic cell wall? |
Bacterial: peptidoglycan: sugars x-linked with polypeptides Achaea: contain polysaccharides (carbs) and proteins but NO peptidoclycan |
one has sugars, the other does not and instead has carbs and proteins |
|
|
Define: |
Sugars x-linked with polypeptides |
pepti --> pepsi .... sugar |
|
|
Function of cell walls |
1: maintain shape |
|
|
|
Hypotonic vs hypertonic |
Hypotonic: lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell; solute enters cell, may burst Hypertonic: higher concentration of solute outside cell |
|
|
|
Difference between gram positive and gram negative? |
Gram positive: simpler but thick walls, large amount of peptidoglycan (sugar x-linked), shows up when stained bc crystal violet can't pass through THICK WALL, shows up violet over red safranin |
|
|
|
Why are Gram negative pathogens generally more threatening than Gram positive ones?
|
Among Pathogens - gramnegative more threatening than gram positive (1) Lipopolysaccharide- toxic (2) Outermembrane protects against host defenses (3) Greaterresistance to antibiotics |
3 reasons |
|
|
How does penicillin inhibit prokaryotic growth?
|
Penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan x-linking. May make cell wall not functional, esp in gram positive bacteria. |
penicillin does not like sugar formations |
|
|
What is a capsule and what is its function?
many prokaryotes |
Sticky layer of polysaccharide (carbs) or protein that surrounds the cell wall; dense and well-defined (if not then is slime layer) FUNCTION: 1.Enableprokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or to other individuals to form acolony 2. Can protect against dehydration or shieldpathogenic species from host’s immune system Some protect from host's immune system, SHIELD |
outside of cell wall |
|
|
What are fimbriae and what do they do? |
Hairlike appendages allow to stick to substrate or one another |
fim-BRAID, HAIR-like |
|
|
What are the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
|
Prokaryotes do NOT have nucleus (have nucleoid), eukaryotes HAVE nucleus. (2) Many have infolded regions of the plasma membrane (3) Smaller simpler genomes ~1/1000 as much DNA double-strandedcircular DNA with many fewer associatedproteins than eukaryotes mayhave smaller rings of DNA - plasmids neededfor special contingencies replicateindependently canbe transferred between partners (4) Ribosomes smaller & differ in protein and RNA content |
|
|
|
Define: |
Thin thread-like structure that allows movement/ propulsion Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are composed of different things, but perform similar functions |
a flag waves and MOVES in the wind |
|
|
What is a plasmid and what is its function?
prokaryotes |
Small rings of independently replicating DNA molecules, most carrying only a few genes |
|
|
|
How do the antibiotics erythromycin and tetracycline inhibit bacterial growth?
|
Certain antibiotics such as erythromycinand tetracycline bindto prokaryotic ribosomes and block protein synthesis.
|
|
|
|
Define: |
A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
|
|
|
|
Define: |
Bringing together DNA from individuals ofdifferent species; facilitates rapid evolution |
evolutionary trees |
|
|
What are the three mechanisms prokaryotes use to transfer genes between individuals?
|
(1) Transformation- cell takes up genes from surrounding environment (2) Transduction - viruses transfer genes fromone prokaryote to another (3) Conjugation- direct transfer of genes from one prokaryote to another |
|
|
|
Distinguish the following four major modes of nutrition observed in prokaryotes,photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoheterotrophs.
|
Can be grouped into 4 categoriesaccording to energy & carbon use(1) Phototroph -use light energy(2) Chemotroph-energy from chemicals in environment(3) Autotroph-need only CO2 (inorganic)(4) Heterotroph-require at least one organic nutrientCombining the above leads to 4 majormodes of nutrition> |
may need additional info |
|
|
How does denitrification differ from nitrogen fixation?
|
Nitrogen fixation -convert N2 to ammonia NH3 onlybiomechanism that makes atmospheric N2 available to organisms |
ADD MORE INFO |
|
|
What advantage does metabolic cooperation confer?
|
Cooperation between prokaryotes allowsthem to use environmental resources they could not use as individual cells. |
|
|
|
Define: |
Surface-coating where metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs |
film, on the surface |
|
|
What is an extreme thermophile? halophile? methanogen?
|
(1) ExtremeThermophiles - thrive in hot environments60 - >90° C (2) Extreme Halophiles - live in high-salt environments - Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea (3) Methanogens obtainenergy by using CO2 to oxidize H2 CH4 strict anaerobes - poisoned by O2 |
phile = lover lover of extremes |
|
|
What is meant by the term symbiosis? List the three types of symbiotic relationships.
|
"Living together"; An ecological relationship between organisms of different species thatare in direct contact. (1) Mutualism -both benefit(2)Commensalism -one receives benefits while neitherharming nor helping the other (i.e. Carrier Crab) (3)Parasitism -one (parasite) benefits at expense ofthe host |
|
|
|
Define: |
parasites that cause disease |
|
|
|
What is an opportunistic pathogen?
|
Pathogens that take advantage of OPPORTUNITIES not usually available, such as a host with a weakened immune system |
|
|
|
How many diseases in humans do pathogenic prokaryotes cause? |
Half of all human diseases |
|
|
|
What is the difference between an endotoxin and exotoxin?
|
Endotoxin: lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria |
|
|
|
1 gram of this prokaryotes exoTOXIN can kill 1,000,000 people ( 1g - kill 1x10^6)
|
botulism |
|
|
|
The evolution of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria is on the rise. Explain why?
|
Exacerbated by imprudent antibiotic useand horizontal gene transfer
|
|
