Chapter 27

Front 1

Kellog-Briand Treaty

Back 1

1928 agreement created by u.S. Sec of State Frank Kellogg and French premier Aristide Briand. it pledged its signatories, eventually nearly all nations, to shun war as an insturment of policy. Derided as an "international kiss" and had little effect on the actual conduct of world affairs

Front 2

Manhattan Project

Back 2

Crash program to build the first atomic bomb. Authorized by FDR after he became alarmed by reports that Germans were working on the same project. Spent $2 billion and produced the weapons that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Front 3

Axis Powers

Back 3

Alliance between Italy, Germany, and Japan during WWII. Fought against the Allied Powers

Front 4

Pearl Harbor

Back 4

Attacked by Japanese warplanes in 1941. Sunk several ships and killed more than 2400 soldiers. Marked America's entrance into WWII

Front 5

Washington Conference

Back 5

The first strategic meeting between the heads of government of the United Kingdom and the United States after the United States entered World War II. The delegations were headed by the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and the American President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Front 6

Adolf Hitler

Back 6

Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. Ultimately wanted to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe. Invaded Poland. In response, the United Kingdom and France declared war against Germany, leading to the outbreak of World War II in Europe.

Front 7

Nye Committee

Back 7

A committee in the United States Senate which studied the causes of United States' involvement in World War I. Its findings gave momentum to the non-interventionist movement and sparked the passage of a series of legislative acts called the Neutrality Acts.

Front 8

America First Committee

Back 8

The foremost non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II. The largest anti-war organization in American history

Front 9

War Production Board

Back 9

Established by FDR to regulate the production and allocation of materials and fuel during World War II in the United States.

Front 10

Fair Employment Practices Committee

Back 10

Signed by FDR to prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry. It was the first federal action, though not a law, to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the United States.

Front 11

“Zoot Suit” Riots

Back 11

A series of riots in 1943 during World War II that erupted in Los Angeles, California between white sailors stationed throughout the city and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored.

Front 12

D-Day

Back 12

The landing operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy. Conducted in two phases, an air assault landing and an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armoured divisions on the coast of France

Front 13

Los Alamos

Back 13

Remote laboratory in New Mexico. Place where the first atomic bomb was tested, creating a bright fireball and a telltale mushroom cloud, not mention a giant crater

Front 14

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Back 14

Two Japanese cities bombed by America, killing thousands of Japans

Front 15

Chiang Kai Sheik

Back 15

Leader in China. FDR tried to appease him by providing supplies flown over the Himalayas from India

Front 16

Hideki Tojo

Back 16

Japanese general who was responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor, which led to America entering World War II.

Front 17

Charles deGaulle

Back 17

French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. Ignored by FDR

Front 18

Joseph Stalin

Back 18

Soviet union leader. Entered into a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany but later joined the war on the Allied Power's side

Front 19

A Phillip Randolph

Back 19

African American leader who threatened to march on Washington, causing FDR to create the Fair Employment Act

Front 20

Henry Stimson

Back 20

Secretary of War during the Roosevelt administration in World War II. In charge of the development of the atomic bomb

Front 21

Cordell Hull

Back 21

Secretary of State who sent the Hull note to Japan prior to the attack

Front 22

Veterans of Future Wars

Back 22

A parody on veterans' groups. Formed at Princeton to demand a bonus of $1000 each before they marched off to war

Front 23

Sudetenland

Back 23

A province of Czechoslovakia that France and Germany reluctantly surrendered to Hitler, hoping to appease him. US stayed aloof in the dealings

Front 24

Nazi – Soviet Pact

Back 24

A non-aggression pact under which the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany each pledged to remain neutral in the event that either nation were attacked by a third party. Included a secret protocol dividing Northern and Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence

Front 25

Cash and Carry / Lend –Lease Acts

Back 25

The program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945.

Front 26

Mother’s Crusade

Back 26

Group that protested the passage of the Lend-Lease Act

Front 27

Reuben James

Back 27

Sunk by a German U-boat, killing over 100 American sailors

Front 28

Tripartite Pact

Back 28

A pact that established the Axis powers - Germany, Italy, Japan

Front 29

Winston Churchill

Back 29

Led Britain during WWII. Announced that the unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers would be the only acceptable basis for ending the war

Front 30

Battle of Stalingrad

Back 30

Battle were the Soviet Union's Red Army broke the back of German military power. Put Hitler on the defensive for the rest of the war

Front 31

North African Campaign

Back 31

Took place in North Africa, fought between the Allies and Axis powers, in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts and in Morocco and Algeria and Tunisia. Won by the Allies

Front 32

Charles Nimitz

Back 32

Admiral who led the American operation at key Jap islands in the Central Pacific

Front 33

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

Back 33

Created originally to control prices (price controls) and rents after the outbreak of World War II.

Front 34

Executive Order 9066

Back 34

Authorized the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones. Eventually, EO 9066 cleared the way for the relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps.

Front 35

Nisei

Back 35

Natvie born Americans with Japense ancestry. Thoussands were forced to relocate from the West Coast to concentration camps during WWII

Front 36

Atlantic Charter

Back 36

A statement agreed between Britain and the United States of America. It was intended as the blueprint for the postwar world after World War II, and turned out to be the foundation for many of the international agreements that currently shape the world.

Front 37

Big Three Conference

Back 37

Wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe.

Front 38

Battle of the Bulge

Back 38

Hitler's counterattack. Sent German armored divisions through the weak point in the allied lines, creating a huge bulge in the American lines. Delayed Eisenhower's advance into Germany but fatally weakened German resistance in the west

Front 39

Manchuria

Back 39

Industrial region of northeast China. Invaded by Japan

Front 40

USS Missouri

Back 40

Battleship where Japan signed a formal capitulation agreement in Tokyo Bay, bringing WWII to a close