Chapter 26 The Road To War

Front 1

Isolitionism

Back 1

A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, esp. the political affairs of other countries.

Front 2

Disarment

Back 2

The reduction or withdrawal of military forces and weapons.

The public wanted peace and disarmament: demilitarization, demobilization, decommissioning; arms reduction, arms limitation, arms control; the zero option.

Front 3

Emily Greene Balch

Back 3

One of many leader of the women's movement.

Front 4

Washington Conference

Back 4

This conference focused on naval disarmament and Pacific security.

Front 5

Charles Evans Hughes

Back 5

Hughes, Charles Evans (1862–1948) U.S. chief justice 1930–41 and politician.

Front 6

Kellogg-Brind Pact

Back 6

The Kellogg–Briand Pact (also called the Pact of Paris, formal name: General Treaty for the Renunciation of War) was signed on August 27, 1928 by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other countries.

Front 7

Adolf Hitler

Back 7

Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), German leader, born in Austria; chancellor of Germany 1933–45.

Front 8

Emiliano Chamorro

Back 8

Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (11 May 1871 Acoyapa – 26 February 1966 Managua) was the 55th.

Front 9

Henry Stimson

Back 9

Long time public official.

Front 10

Adolfo Diaz

Back 10

Chamorro's successor

Front 11

Anastasio Somoza

Back 11

Anastasio ("Tachito") Somoza Debayle December 1925 – 17 September 1980) was officially the 73rd and 76th President of Nicaragua from 1 May 1967 to 1 May 1972 and from 1 December 1974 to 17 July 1979. As head of the National Guard,

Front 12

Lazaro Cardenas

Back 12

Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (May 21, 1895 - October 19, 1970) was President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940.

Front 13

Nationalize

Back 13

1 transfer (a major branch of industry or commerce) from private to state ownership or control.

Front 14

Caudillos

Back 14

(in Spanish-speaking regions) a military or political leader.

Front 15

Benito Mussolini

Back 15

Mussolini, Benito (Amilcaro Andrea) (1883–1945), Italian statesman; prime minister 1922–43; known as Il Duce (‘the leader’). He founded the Italian Fascist Party in 1919, annexed Abyssinia in 1936, and entered World War II on Germany's side in 1940.

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Fascist Party

Back 16

The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista; PNF) was an Italian party, created by Benito.

Front 17

Blackshirts

Back 17

A member of a fascist organization, in particular
• (in Italy) a member of a paramilitary group founded by Mussolini.
• (in Nazi Germany

Front 18

Joseph Stalin

Back 18

Stalin, Joseph (1879–1953), Soviet statesman; general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1922–53; born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. In 1928, he launched a succession of five-year plans for rapid industrialization and the enforced collectivization of agriculture. His large-scale purges of the intelligentsia in the 1930s were equally ruthless.

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Totalitarian State

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Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a political system where the state, usually under the control of a single political person, faction, or class, recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.[2] Totalitarianism is generally characterized by the coincidence of authoritarianism (where ordinary citizens have less significant share in state decision-making) and ideology (a pervasive scheme of values promulgated by institutional means to direct most if not all aspects of public and private life).[3]

Totalitarian regimes or movements stay in political power through an all-encompassing propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that is often marked by personality cultism, control over the economy, regulation and restriction of speech, mass surveillance, and widespread use of state terrorism.

Front 20

Nazi Party

Back 20

The National Socialist German Workers' Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei , abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known in English as the Nazi Party (from the German Nazi, abbreviated from the pronunciation of Nationalsozialist[5]), was a political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945. It was known as the German Workers' Party (DAP) prior to a change of name in 1920.

The party's last leader, Adolf Hitler, was appointed Chancellor of Germany by president Paul von Hindenburg in 1933. Hitler rapidly established a totalitarian regime[6][7][8][9] known as the Third Reich.

Nazi ideology stressed the failures of laissez-faire capitalism, communism, economic liberalism, and democracy; supported the "racial purity of the German people" and that of other Northwestern Europeans; and claimed itself as the protector of Germany from Jewish influence and corruption. The Nazis persecuted those they perceived as either race enemies or Lebensunwertes Leben, that is "life unworthy of living". This included Jews, Slavs, Roma, and so-called "Mischlinge" along with Communists, homosexuals, the mentally and physically disabled, and others. The persecution reached its climax when the party and the German state which it controlled organized the systematic murder of approximately six million Jews and six million other people from the other targeted groups, in what has become known as the Holocaust. Hitler's desire to build a German empire through expansionist policies led to the outbreak of World War II in Europe.

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Brownshirts

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a member of an early Nazi militia founded by Hitler in Munich in 1921, with brown uniforms resembling that of Mussolini's Blackshirts.They aided Hitler's rise to power, but were eclipsed by the SS after the “night of the long knives” in June 1934. Also called storm troops or Sturmabteilung .

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Anti-Semitism

Back 22

Hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Front 23

Kristallnacht

Back 23

The occasion of concerted violence by Nazis throughout Germany and Austria against Jews and their property on the night of November 9–10, 1938.

Front 24

Francisco Franco

Back 24

Franco, Francisco (1892–1975), Spanish general and statesman; head of state 1939–75. Leader of the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War, he became head of the Falange Party in 1937 and proclaimed himself Caudillo ("leader”) of Spain. With the defeat of the republic in 1939, he took control of the government and established a dictatorship that ruled Spain until his death.

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Popular Front

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A party or coalition representing left-wing elements, in particular ( the Popular Front) an alliance of communist, radical, and socialist elements formed and gaining some power in countries such as France and Spain in the 1930s.

Front 26

Axis Powers

Back 26

The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte, Japanese: Suujikukoku (枢軸国), Italian: Potenze dell'Asse, Hungarian: Tengelyhatalmak, Romanian: Puterile Axei, Bulgarian: Сили от Оста), also known as the Axis alliance, Axis nations, Axis countries, or just the Axis, comprised the countries that were opposed to the Allies during World War II. The three major Axis powers—Germany, Japan, and Italy—were part of a military alliance on the signing of the Tripartite Pact in September 1940, which officially founded the Axis powers. At their zenith, the Axis powers ruled empires that dominated large parts of Europe, Africa, East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, but World War II ended with their total defeat and dissolution. Like the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, and other nations entered and later left the Axis during the course of the war.

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Munich Conference

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The Munich Pact (Czech: Mnichovská dohoda; Slovak: Mníchovská dohoda; German: Münchner Abkommen; French: Accords de Munich; Italian: Accordi di Monaco) was an agreement permitting Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The Sudetenland were areas along Czech borders, mainly inhabited by ethnic Germans. The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in Munich, Germany, among the major powers of Europe without the presence of Czechoslovakia. Today, it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Nazi Germany. The agreement was signed in the early hours of 30 September 1938 (but dated 29 September). The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the Sudetenland in the face of territorial demands made by Adolf Hitler. The agreement was signed by Nazi Germany, France, Britain, and Italy. The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defenses were situated there, and many of its banks were located there as well.

Because the state of Czechoslovakia was not invited to the conference, Czechs and Slovaks sometimes call the Munich Agreement the Munich Dictate (Czech: Mnichovský diktát; Slovak: Mníchovský diktát). The phrase Munich Betrayal (Czech: Mnichovská zrada; Slovak: Mníchovská zrada) is also used because the military alliance Czechoslovakia had with France was not honoured. Today the document is typically referred to simply as the Munich Pact (Mnichovská dohoda).

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Appeasement

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A policy of appeasement: conciliation, placation, concession, pacification, propitiation, reconciliation; fence-mending. ANTONYMS provocation.

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Winston Churchill

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Churchill, Sir Winston (Leonard Spencer) (1874–1965), British statesman; prime minister 1940–45 and 1951–55. A consistent opponent of appeasement during the 1930s, he replaced Neville Chamberlain as British prime minister in 1940 and led Britain throughout World War II. Notable works: The Second World War (1948–53) and A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956–58). Nobel Prize for Literature (1953).

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Nonaggression Pact

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A non-aggression pact is an international treaty between two or more states agreeing to avoid war or armed conflict between them and resolve their disputes through peaceful negotiations. Sometimes such a pact may include a pledge of avoiding armed conflict even if participants find themselves fighting third countries, including allies of one of the participants.

It was a popular form of international agreement in the 1920s and 1930s, but has largely fallen out of use after the Second World War. Since the implementation of a non-aggression pact depends on the good faith of the parties, the international community following the Second World War adopted the norm of multilateral collective security agreements, such as the treaties establishing NATO, ANZUS and SEATO.

The most famous non-aggression pact is the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, which lasted until the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Examples of such pacts in history:

Peace of Callias (449-450 BC)
Treaty of London (1518)
Soviet–Lithuanian Non-Aggression Pact (September 28, 1926)
Greek-Romanian Non-Aggression and Arbitration Pact (March 21, 1928)[1]
Soviet-Afghan Non-Aggression Pact (June 24, 1931)[2]
Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact (January 21, 1932)
Soviet-Latvian Non-Aggression Pact (February 5, 1932)[3]
Soviet-Estonian Non-Aggression Pact (May 4, 1932)[4]
Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact (July 25, 1932)
Soviet-Italian Non-Aggression Pact (September 2, 1933)[5]
Romanian-Turkish Non-Aggression Pact (October 17th, 1933)[6]
Turkish-Yugoslav Non-Aggression Pact (November 27th, 1933)[7]
German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact (January 26, 1934)
Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance (May 2, 1935)
German-Danish Non-Aggression Pact (May 31, 1939)[8]
German–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact (June 7, 1939)
German–Latvian Non-Aggression Pact (June 7, 1939)
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (23 August, 1939)
British-Thai Non-Aggression Pact (June 12, 1940)[9]
Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (April 13, 1941)
German–Turkish Non-Aggression Pact (June 18, 1941)
During negotiations between the United States and North Korea in 2003, North Korea offered to eventually eliminate its nuclear weapons program if both sides signed a non-aggression treaty (along with multiple other conditions). As of this date, however, a nonaggression treaty between the two has yet to be formulated.

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Allied Powers

Back 31

In everyday English usage, allies are people, groups, or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out between them. When the term is used in the context of war or armed struggle, such associations may also be called Allied Powers, especially when discussing World War I or World War II.

A formal military alliance is not required for being perceived as an ally—co-belligerence, fighting alongside someone, is enough. According to this usage, allies become so not when concluding an alliance treaty but when struck by war.

When spelled with a capital "A", the word "Allies" usually denotes the countries who fought together against the Central Powers in World War I (the Allies of World War I), or those who fought against the Axis Powers in World War II (the Allies of World War II).

More recently, the term "Allied forces" has also been used to describe the Coalition of the Gulf War, as opposed to forces the Multi-National Force in Iraq which are commonly referred to as "Coalition forces" or, as by the Bush administration, "The coalition of the willing".

The Allies in World War I were United Kingdom, France and Russia.

Front 32

Lend-Lease Act

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Lend-Lease (Public Law 77-11)was the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945. It was signed into law on 11 March 1941, over 18 months after the outbreak of the European war in September 1939, but before the U.S. entrance into the war in December 1941. It was called An Act Further to Promote the Defense of the United States. This act also ended the pretense of the neutrality of the United States. Hitler recognized this and in response ordered German submarines to attack US vessels such as the SS Robin Moor, an unarmed merchant steamship sunk on 21 May 1941 outside of the war zone.

A total of $50.1 billion (equivalent to $759 billion at 2008 prices) worth of supplies were shipped: $31.4 billion to Britain, $11.3 billion to the Soviet Union, $3.2 billion to France and $1.6 billion to China. Reverse Lend Lease comprised services (like rent on air bases) that went to the U.S. totaled $7.8 billion, of which $6.8 billion came from the British and the Commonwealth. The terms of the agreement provided that the material was to be used until time for their return or destruction. (Supplies after the termination date were sold to Britain at a discount, for £1.075 billion, using long-term loans from the U.S.) Canada operated a similar program that sent $4.7 billion in supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union.[2]

This program was a decisive step away from American non-interventionism since the end of World War I and towards international involvement. There was no debt--the U.S. did not charge for the aid during the war (though it did charge for aid delivered after the war).

Front 33

Blitzkrieg

Back 33

An intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory.

Front 34

Maginot Line

Back 34

A line of defensive fortifications constructed by the French along their eastern border, extending from Switzerland to Luxembourg, between 1929 and 1936. In World War II, although the defenses held, the Germans outflanked them, going through Belgium to conquer France.
• [as n. ] (also Maginot line) an impressive but often ineffectual means of protection or defense : the courts are our Maginot Line against industry.

Front 35

Atlantic Charter

Back 35

A declaration of eight common principles in international relations drawn up by Churchill and Roosevelt in August 1941, which provided the ideological basis for the United Nations organization.