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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Urine concentration varies with what? |
ADH |
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Glomerular filtrate and blood have the same what? |
Osmolarity |
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What changes tubular osmolarity? |
Due to a concentration gradient in the medulla |
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What happens to the osmolarity in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla as it moves down the descending limb of the loop of the nephron? |
Osmolarity increases |
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Moving down the descending limb of the loop of the nephron, osmolarity in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla increases. What occurs due to this? |
More water is reabsorbed increasing the osmolarity of tubular fluid |
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What do symporters actively reabsorb in the thick ascending limb? |
Na+, K+, Cl- |
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The thick ascending limb has ___ water permeability. |
Low |
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In the thick ascending limb, ___ leaves and ___ stays in the tubule. |
Solutes leaves and water stays in the tubule |
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What causes tubular fluid to become more dilute in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? |
When ADH is low, there is low water permeability in principal cells |
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When does formation of concentrated urine occur? |
When fluid intake is low and/or water loss is high |
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Urine can be ___ times as concentrated as blood. |
Four |
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What hormone causes more concentrated blood? |
ADH causes excretion of concentrated urine |
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What does excretion of concentrated urine due to ADH? |
Presence of an osmotic gradient from the renal cortex to the deep portion of the renal pyramids |
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Formation of concentrated urine requires what kind of nephron? |
Juxtamedullary nephrons with long loops |
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What two factors create an osmotic gradient? |
Differences in solute and water permeability and reabsorption in the long nephron loop and collecting ducts Countercurrent flow of fluid through tube shaped structures in the renal medulla |
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Osmotic gradient is created by what? |
Countercurrent multiplier |
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Three processes which progressively increase osmotic gradient in interstitial fluid |
1) Countercurrent flow as fluid moves down the descending limb (water flows out and increases the osmolarity in the tubule so it is highest at the bottom of the loop. 2) Solutes pumped out of ascending limb, but water stays in tubule 3) When ADH increases, water permeability of the collecting duct increases and water exits the duct and enters interstitial fluid then blood |
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First process which progressively increase osmotic gradient in interstitial fluid: Countercurrent flow as fluid moves down the descending limb (water flows out and ___ the osmolarity in the tubule so it is ___ at the bottom of the loop |
increases highest |
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Second process which progressively increase osmotic gradient in interstitial fluid: ___ pumped out of ascending limb, but ___ stays in tubule |
Solutes water |
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Third process which progressively increase osmotic gradient in interstitial fluid: When ___ increases, water permeability of the collecting duct increases and water exits the duct and enters interstitial fluid then blood |
ADH |
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Kidneys produce ____ of urine a day |
1-2 liters |
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Urine is ____ water and ____ solutes |
95% 5% |
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High amounts of albumin in urine means what? |
Filtration membranes are diseased or injured |
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High amounts of glucose in urine may mean what? |
Diabetes Mellitus (or excessive sugar intake) |
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Red blood cells in urine means what? |
Kidney disease or infection |
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Ketone bodies in urine may mean what? |
Diabetes mellitus; starvation |
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Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measures what? |
Blood nitrogen that is part of urea resulting from catabolism of amino acids |
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If ___ decreases, then BUN increases |
GFR |
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Plasma creatinine results from what? |
Catabolism of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle. |
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Increase in plasma creatinine indicates what? |
Poor renal function |
