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27 Cards in this Set
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War communism
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in world war i russia, government control of banks and most industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under communist control
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Leon Trotzky
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The second guy under Lenin
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V.I. Lenin
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leader of the bolsheviks; believed that only violent revolution could destroy the capitalist system; wanted Bolv. to seize power; his arrival in russia opened a new stage of the russian revolution; maintained that the soviets of soldiers, workers, and peasants were ready, believed that the Bolv. should work toward gaining control of these groups and then use them to overthrow the provisional govt; turned over the power of the provisional govt to the congress of soviets; the real power was released to lenin; promised peace but realized this would not be easy; signed the treaty of brest-litovsk with G and gave up eastern poland, ukraine, finland, and the baltic province
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New Economic Policy
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new economic policy, (1921) allowed capitalist ventures, state kept control of banks, foreign trade, and large industries, small businesses were allowed to reopen for private profit stopped harassing peasants for grain, and peasants held on to small plots of land and sold surplus
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Joseph Stalin
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head of the ussr; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti-western strain of russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace new economic policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led ussr through world war ii; furthered cold war with western europe and the united states; died in 1953. took power after Lenin's death; established Five-Year Plans which failed agriculturally but were quite successful industrially; but there were some social benefits under Stalin like old-age pensions, free education, free medical services, reduced unemployment
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Socialism in one country
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Stalin's theory that it was possible to have Communism in one country instead of a full-scale worldwide Marxian revolution
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Third international
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1919 soviet founded institution, moscow-dominated organization of communist parties; it's twenty-one conditions was: the rejection of all political forms that called for the institution of communism through gradual means, required strict allegiance to moscow,
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Benito Mussolini
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Socialist party leader who was kicked out for supporting WWI; in 1922 seized power legally; leadership was between totalitarian and conservative authoritarian; was never completely totalitarian because he was willing to make compromises because his main objective was personal power
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Fascism
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a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition
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Fasci di Combattimento
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"bands of combat" in italy; founded in 1919. members were largely war veterans who felt the paris conference had cheated italy. led by benito mussolini; there to stop the spread of socialism and the effects of inflation in italy. Union of veterans
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March on Rome
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in october of 1922 this took place s blackshirts converged on rome in an apparent coup. the king would not allow martial law, and so the cabinet resigned to keep their lives and mussolini was named premier in order to halt the blackshirts and stop violence. he was given a year of emergency power to restore order and introduce reforms.
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Lateran accords
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this settled an argument between the italian government and the pope that had been going on for nearly sixty years. the pope agreed to accept the fascists and mussolini agreed that the catholic religion would be taught in every italian school. he also promised to pay the salaries of catholic priests and set up the vatican city in rome. this convinced many italians that they should support mussolini.
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Little entente
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a loose alliance formed in 1920-21 by czechoslovakia, romania, and yugoslavia. its specific purposes were the containment of hungarian revisionism and to prevent a restoration of the hapsburgs. the 3 nations were drawn together by 3 bilateral treaties of defensive and economic alliance.
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Treaty of Rapallo
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between germany and soviet union in 1922. established normal diplomatic relations with each other. germany was struggling with the peace treaty requirements to which the soviets had not been a party. there was much trading between the two countries. even sent german officers to help train the red army. relationship caused much apprehension in the west.
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Raymond poincare
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french prime minister; under his leadership, french armies moved out of the rhineland and began to occupy the ruhr district (heartland of industrial germany) creating the most serious international crisis of the 1920s (all in an effort to paralyze germany and force it to accept the treaty)
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Ramsey MacDonald/ first labour government
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first labour prime minister of GB in 1924. his third period as prime minister was during the crisis of the great depression when he formed a "national government" in which a majority of mps were from the conservatives, and as a result he was expelled from the labour party.
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Sinn Fein
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an irish republican political movement founded in 1905 to promote independence from england and unification of ireland; 'ourselves alone', declare Irish independence
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Irish free state
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created by the british parliament in january 22. made ireland a dominion within the british commonwealth but many irish republicans still wanted payment of all formal ties to britain and creation of a republic.
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Weimar republic
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1919-1933-German republic The republic was faced with huge reparation costs from the Treaty of Versailles & soaring inflation and high unemployment. 1920s saw a growth in support for right-wing groups, and the Republic was eventually overthrown by the Nazi Party of Hitler
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Kapp Putsch
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armed conservative insurrection that temporarily caused the german government to flee and resulted in workers' strikes; 'right'; power challenge to the weimar government in 1922; failed, but highlighted strength of anti-democratic forces
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French occupation of the Ruhr
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(1923–25) Occupation of Ruhr River valley region in Germany by French and Belgian troops. The action was provoked by G b/c of lack of coal deliveries to F required by the reparations agreement after WWI. French-Belgian occupation of the entire region in 1923. resistance by G workers paralyzed the Ruhr's economy and precipitated the collapse of the G currency. The dispute was settled by the Dawes Plan, and the occupation ended in 1925.
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Beer hall Putsch
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in 1923 the nazis attempted to overthrow the government in munich(Weimar republic). it was a total failure, and hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote mein kampf.
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Adolf Hitler
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Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich. His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. 1898-1945
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Mein Kampf
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'my struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsessi
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Treaty of Locarno
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1925. britain, france, belgium and germany agreed to never go to war again. britain and italy were given borders in western europe. a year later, the germans joined the league of nations, although they were starting to secretly rearm.
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Dawes plan
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a plan to ensure payments of reparations by Germany after World War I, devised by an international committee headed by Charles Gates Dawes and put into effect in 1924
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Kellogg-Briand pact
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in 1927, under the kellogg-briand pact, 15 nations pledged not to use the threat of war in their dealings with one another.at the time outlawing war seemed like a good idea, but the pact was unrealistic and unworkable because it had no provisions for enforcement. many of the nations who signed the pact would later be at war with each other
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