Chapter 25: The Urinary System

Front 1

How much fluid does the kidneys filter?

Back 1

about 2000 liters

Front 2

NAME
these filter about 2000 liters of fluid

Back 2

kidneys

Front 3

What are some exretory functions of the kidneys? (2)

Back 3

(1)reg the volume and chemical make up of the blood (2)maitaining the proper balance btwn water and salts btwn acids and bases

Front 4

NAME
these regulate the vol and chemical make up of the blood and maintaing the proper balance btwn water and salts btwn acids and bases

Back 4

excretory functions

Front 5

What are some functions of the kidneys other than exretory functions? (3)

Back 5

(1)Gluconegoensesis (2)producing the enzyme renin and erythropoietin(3)metabolizing vitamin D to its active form

Front 6

NAME
some of its functions include gluconeogenoesis, producing the enyzme renin and erythropoietin, and metabolizing vitamin D to its active form

Back 6

kidneys

Front 7

What is renin?

Back 7

helps to regulate blood pressure and kidney function

Front 8

NAME
this helps to regulate blood pressure and kidney function

Back 8

renin

Front 9

What is erythropoietin?

Back 9

this stimulates red blood cells production

Front 10

NAME
this stimulats the red blood cells prodcution

Back 10

erythropoeitin

Front 11

What are the organs of the urinary system? (4)

Back 11

(1)kidneys (2)urinary bladder (3)ureters (4)urethra

Front 12

NAME
this includes the kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra

Back 12

urinary system

Front 13

What is the urinary bladder?

Back 13

a temporary storage reservoir for urine

Front 14

NAME
this is a temporary storge reservoir for urine

Back 14

urinary bladder

Front 15

What is the ureters?

Back 15

are two tubelike organs

Front 16

What is the three tublike organs that make up the urinary system? (3)

Back 16

(1)paired urters (2)urethra

Front 17

NAME
these include the paired urters and urethra

Back 17

three tubelike oragns of the urinary system

Front 18

NAME
all of these furnish transportation channels for urine

Back 18

the paired urters (2)urethra

Front 19

What are the kidneys shaped like?

Back 19

beans

Front 20

NAME
these are bean shaped

Back 20

kidneys

Front 21

Where are the kidneys located?

Back 21

the lumbar region from T12 to L3

Front 22

NAME
this organ is found in the lumbar region from T12 to L3

Back 22

kidneys

Front 23

Which kidney is crowded by the liver and lies lower than the left?

Back 23

the right

Front 24

Where is the right kidney located compared to the left?

Back 24

the right kidney is crowded by the liver and lies lower than the left

Front 25

NAME
this kidney is crowded by the liver and lies lower than the left

Back 25

right kidney

Front 26

What is the renal hilus?

Back 26

is a vertical cleft that leads into the reneal sinus

Front 27

NAME
this is a vertical cleft that leads into the reneal sinus

Back 27

renal hilus

Front 28

What is the reneal sinus?

Back 28

is an internal space w/in the kidneys

Front 29

NAME
is an internal space w/in the kidneys

Back 29

reneal sinus

Front 30

NAME
atop of each of these are the adrenal glands

Back 30

kidneys

Front 31

Atop each kidneys is a (1)

Back 31

adrenal gland

Front 32

ATop each of (1)there is a adrenal gland

Back 32

kidneys

Front 33

What are three supportive tissue layers that surround kidneys? (3)

Back 33

(1)renal capsule (2)adipose capsule (3)renal fascia

Front 34

NAME
this has three supportive tissue layers that surround it: renal capsule, adipose capsule, and renal fascia

Back 34

kidneys

Front 35

What is the renal capsule?

Back 35

is a fibrous transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading the kidneys

Front 36

NAME
this is a fibrous transparent capsule that prevents infection in surrounding regions from spreading the kidneys

Back 36

renal capsule

Front 37

What is the adipose capsule?

Back 37

is fatty mass that attaches the kidney to the posterior body wall and cushions it against blows

Front 38

NAME
this is a fatty mass that attaches the kidney to the posterior body wall and cushions it against blows

Back 38

adipose capsule

Front 39

What is renal fascia?

Back 39

is an outer layer of the dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidneys and the adrenal gland to the surrounding structures

Front 40

NAME
this an a outer layer of the dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidneys and the adrenal gland to the surrounding structures

Back 40

renal fascia

Front 41

What is the adipose capsule important for kidneys?

Back 41

bc it holds the kidneys in thier normal position

Front 42

the (1)of the kidneys is important in holding the kidneys in thier normal body postition

Back 42

fatty encasement

Front 43

What is renalptosis?

Back 43

refers to when the amount of fatty tissue dwindles causing one or both kidneys to drop to a lower position

Front 44

NAME
this refers to when the amount of fatty tissue dwindles causing one or both kidneys to drop to a lower postion

Back 44

renalptosis

Front 45

Renal ptosis may cause (1)

Back 45

a urter to become kinked, which creates a problem bc the urine, unable to drain, backs up into the kidneys and exerts pressure on its tissue

Front 46

NAME
this can cause a urter to become kinked, which creates a problem bc the urine, unable to drain, backs up into the kidneys and exerts pressure on the tissue

Back 46

renal ptosis

Front 47

What is hydronephrosis?

Back 47

is the backup up of urine from ureteral obstruction or other causes

Front 48

NAME
this refers to the backup of urine from uretral obstructions or other causes

Back 48

hydronephrosis

Front 49

What are (3) distinct regions of the kidney?

Back 49

(1)cortex (2)medulla (3)pelvis

Front 50

NAME
this has three distinct regions of the kidney cortex, medulla, and the pelvis

Back 50

kidneys

Front 51

What is the renal cortex?

Back 51

is the most superficial region, light in color and has a granular appearnance

Front 52

NAME
this is the most supericial region, light in color, and has a granular appearance

Back 52

the renal cortex

Front 53

What is the renal medulla?

Back 53

is deep to the cortex, a darker reddish brown color, and has tissue masses called the medullary

Front 54

NAME
this is deep the the renal cortex, a darker reddish brown color, and has tissue masses called the medullary

Back 54

renal medulla

Front 55

the (1) is also called the renal pyramids

Back 55

medullary

Front 56

the medullary is also called the (1)

Back 56

renal pyramids

Front 57

What are renal columns?

Back 57

separate the renal pyramids

Front 58

NAME
these separate the renal pyramids

Back 58

renal columns

Front 59

What is the renal pelvis?

Back 59

is a flat funnel shaped tube, that is continous w/ the ureter leaving the ureter leaving the hilus

Front 60

NAME
is a flat funnel shaped tube that is continous w/ the ureter leaving the hilus

Back 60

renal plevis

Front 61

NAME
these collect urine from the papillae and empty it into the renal pelvis. the urine flows through the renal pelvis into the ureter, which transports it to the bladder, to be stored

Back 61

calyces

Front 62

Calyces collect urine from the (2) and empty it into the renal pelvis. The urine then flows through the renal pelvis into the ureter, which transports it to the bladder to be stored

Back 62

papillae

Front 63

Calyces collect urine from the papillae and empty it into the (1). The urine then flows through the (1)into the ureter, which transports it to the bladder to be stored

Back 63

renal pelvis

Front 64

Calyces collect urine from the papillae and empty it into the renal pelvis. the urine then flows through the renal pelvis into the (1),which transports it to the bladder to be stored

Back 64

ureter

Front 65

Calyces collect urine from the papillae and empty it into then renal pelvis. The urine then flows through the renal pelvis into the ureter, which transports it into the (1) to be stored

Back 65

bladder

Front 66

What is the pvelitis?

Back 66

is a infection of the renal pelvis and calyces

Front 67

NAME
this is a infection of the renal pelvis and the calyces

Back 67

pevlitis

Front 68

What are pyelonephrisits?

Back 68

refers to infections or inflammations that affect the entire the kidneys

Front 69

NAME
this refers to infection or inflammations that affect the entire kidneys

Back 69

pyelonephrisits

Front 70

What are urinary infections caused by females?

Back 70

fecal bacteria

Front 71

T or F
some urinary infections can be caused from bloodborne bacteria that lodge and multoply in the kidneys

Back 71

true

Front 72

T or F
the kidneys continously cleanse the blood and adjust its composition

Back 72

true

Front 73

NAME
these continously cleanse the blood and adjust it composition

Back 73

kidneys

Front 74

Under normal resting conditions, the (1)deliver one fourth of the total cardiac output to the kidneys each min

Back 74

renal arteries

Front 75

Under (1), the renal arteries deliver one fourth of the total cardaic output to the kidney each min

Back 75

normal resting conditions

Front 76

What are the renal arteries?

Back 76

under normal resting conditions, the renal arteries deliver one fourth of the total cardiac output to the kidneys for each min

Front 77

NAME
under normal conidtions, these deliver one fourth of the total cardiac output to the kidneys per min

Back 77

renal arteries

Front 78

What happens as the renal arteries approach the kidneys?

Back 78

they are divided into five segmental arteries

Front 79

NAME
as the this appoarches the kidneys, it is divided into the five segmental arteries

Back 79

renal arteries

Front 80

What happens to the segmental arteries in the renal sinus?

Back 80

each segmental atry branches into several lober arteries which then divide into several lobar arteries

Front 81

NAME
this branches into several lober arteries which then divide into several lobar arteries

Back 81

segmental arteries

Front 82

Draw a chart of the blood flow of the renal arteries to the renal cortex

Back 82

See p 1000 or notepad

Front 83

What happens to the interlobar arteries at the medulla cortex junction?

Back 83

the interlobar arteries branch into the arcuate arteries that arch over the branches of the medullry pyramids

Front 84

NAME
At the medullar cortex junction, these branch into the arcuate arteries that arch over the branches of the medullary pyramids

Back 84

the interlobar arteries

Front 85

More than 90% of the blood entering the kidney perfuses the (1)

Back 85

renal cortex

Front 86

More than (1)of the blood entering the kidney perfuses the renal cortex

Back 86

90%

Front 87

Describe the blood flow from the veins starting w the renal cortex(HINT: is backwards of the arteries) (4)

Back 87

Blood leaves the renal cortex goes to the (1)interlobaular (2)arcuate (3)interlobar and then (4)the renal viens

Front 88

What is the renal plexus?

Back 88

is a variable network of automatic nerve fibers, ganglia, and provides the nerve supply of the kidneys and the ureter

Front 89

NAME
this provides the nerve supply of the kidneys and the ureter

Back 89

renal plexus

Front 90

What are nephrons?

Back 90

are the structural and functional units of the kidneys

Front 91

NAME
these are the structural and functional units of the kidneys

Back 91

nephrons

Front 92

What are collecting ducts?

Back 92

these collect urine from several nephrons and conveys it to the renal plevis

Front 93

NAME
these collect urine from the several nephrons and conveys it to the renal plevis

Back 93

collecting ducts

Front 94

What does each nephron consist of?

Back 94

glomerulus

Front 95

NAME
each of these consist of a glomerulus

Back 95

nephron

Front 96

What is the glomerulus?

Back 96

is a tough of capillaries associated w a renal tubule

Front 97

NAME
this is a tuft of renal capillaries associated w a renal tubule

Back 97

glomerulus

Front 98

what is the glomerular capsule?

Back 98

is the cup shaped end of the renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus

Front 99

NAME
this is the cup shaped end of the renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus

Back 99

glomerular capsule

Front 100

the glomerular capsule can also be called the (1)

Back 100

Bowman's capsule

Front 101

What is the renal corpuslce?

Back 101

refers to the glomerular capsule and the enclosed glomerulus

Front 102

NAME
this refers to the glomerular capsule and the enclosed glomerulus

Back 102

renal corpuslce

Front 103

(1) can also be called the Bowman's capsule

Back 103

glomerular capsule

Front 104

What is filtrate?

Back 104

is the raw material that the renal tubules process from the urine

Front 105

NAME
this is the raw material that the renal tubules process from the urine

Back 105

filtrate

Front 106

What kind of tissue does the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule have?

Back 106

simple squamous epthilia

Front 107

NAME
this layer of the glomerular capsule is made up of simple squamous epthilea

Back 107

parietal layer

Front 108

What type tissue does the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule have?

Back 108

consists of highly modifed branching epthilea cells called podocytes

Front 109

NAME
this layer of the glomerular capsule consists of highly modifed branching epithelia cells called podocytes

Back 109

the visceral

Front 110

How do the parietal and the visceral layer of the glomerular capusle differ?

Back 110

(1)parietal layer- has simple squamous epthelia (2)visceral layer- consists of highly modifed epthelia branching cells called podocytes

Front 111

What are podocytes?

Back 111

are highly modifed epthelia branching cells found in the glomerular capsule

Front 112

NAME
these are highly modifed epthelia branching cells found in the glomerular capsule

Back 112

podocytes

Front 113

Podocytes terminated in (1)

Back 113

foot processes

Front 114

NAME
these terminate in foot processes

Back 114

podocytes

Front 115

What are filtration slits?

Back 115

are clefts or openings btwn the foot processes

Front 116

NAME
these are clefts or opening btwn the foot processes

Back 116

filtration slits

Front 117

Filtration slits are also called (1)

Back 117

slit pores

Front 118

(1)are also called slit pores

Back 118

filtration slits

Front 119

What do filtration slits?

Back 119

allow the filtrate to enter the capsular space inside the glomerular capsule

Front 120

NAME
these allow the filtrate to enter the capsular space inside the glomerular capsule

Back 120

filtration slits

Front 121

What does the PCT stand for?

Back 121

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 122

NAME
this makes a loop called the loop of Henle then whends and twists as the DCT before emptying into the collecting duct

Back 122

PCT

Front 123

What is the PCT?

Back 123

makes a loop called the loop of Henle then whends and twists as the DCT before emptying into the collecting duct

Front 124

What does the DCT stand for?

Back 124

distal convoulated tubule

Front 125

What gives the medullary pyramids there striped appearnce?

Back 125

bc the collecting ducts run through them

Front 126

NAME
these have a strip appearnce bc the collecting ducts run through them

Back 126

medullary pyramids

Front 127

What is the papillary ducts?

Back 127

deliver urine to the minor calyces via pappillae of the pyramids

Front 128

NAME
this delivers urine to the minor calyces via papillae of the pyramids

Back 128

papillary ducts

Front 129

As the collecting ducts approach the renal pelvis, they fuse to form the large (1)

Back 129

papillary ducts

Front 130

NAME
as these approach the renal pelivs, they fuse to form the large papillary ducts

Back 130

renal pelvis

Front 131

What kind of tissue does the renal tubule have?

Back 131

single layer of polar epthilea cells w each of its regions having a unique cellular atomony that reflects the role in processing filtrate

Front 132

What are the walls of the PCT like? kind of tissue?

Back 132

are formed by cubiodial epthilea cels w large mitochondria (2)thier lumar surface bear microvilli

Front 133

NAME
these are formed by cubiodial epthilea cells w large mitochondira, and thier lumar surface bear microvilli

Back 133

PCT

Front 134

What is are the walls of the loop of Henle likes?

Back 134

has descending and ascending limbs

Front 135

NAME
the walls of this, have descending and ascending limbs

Back 135

the loop of Henle

Front 136

What is the thin segment?

Back 136

is the rest of the descending limb of the loop of Henle

Front 137

NAME
this is the rest of the descending limb of the loop of Henle

Back 137

thin segement

Front 138

What kind of tissue does the thin segement have?

Back 138

simple squamous epthiliea freely permeable to water

Front 139

NAME
this has simple squamous epthiliea freely permeable to water

Back 139

thin segment

Front 140

What are the thick segment?

Back 140

is the part of the loop of Henle that in which the epthila becomes cuboidal or even low columnar

Front 141

NAME
this is part of the loop of Henle in which the epthiliea becomes cubiodal or even low columnar

Back 141

thick segment

Front 142

What are (2) of the most important types of cells in collecting ducts?

Back 142

(1)intercalated cells (2)prinicpal cells

Front 143

NAME
these are two of its most important cells: intercalated cells and prinicpal cells

Back 143

collecting ducts

Front 144

What are intercalated cells?

Back 144

are cubodial cells w abundant mircovilli that play a role in maintaining the acid base balance of the blood

Front 145

NAME
these are cubodial cells w abundant micorvilli that play a role in maintaining the acid base balance of the blood

Back 145

intercalated cells

Front 146

What are principal cells?

Back 146

they lack microvilli and help maintain the body's water and Na+ balance

Front 147

NAME
these lack microvilli and help maintain the body's water and Na+ balance

Back 147

principal cells

Front 148

What are cortical nephrons?

Back 148

represent 85% of the nephrons in the kidneys

Front 149

NAME
these represent 85% if nephrons in the kidneys

Back 149

cortical nephrons

Front 150

What are the juxtamedullar nephrons?

Back 150

are located close to the medullar junction and play an important role in the kidney's ability to produce concentrated urine

Front 151

nAME
these are located in the medullar junection and play an important role in the kidney's ability to produce conecntrated urine

Back 151

juxamedullar nephrons

Front 152

Every nephron is assocaited w (1)

Back 152

two capillary beds

Front 153

NAME
each of these is assocaited w 2 capillary beds

Back 153

nephron

Front 154

What are the (2)capillary beds of the nephron?

Back 154

(1)glomerulus (2)peritubular capilaries

Front 155

NAME
these have two capillary beds: glomerulus and the pertiubular capillaries

Back 155

nephron

Front 156

What is the glomerulus capillary bed? (2)

Back 156

(1)has capillares that run parallel for filtration (2)is both fed and drained by the afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole

Front 157

NAME
this has capillaries that run parallel and is speacialzed for filtration and it is both feed and drained by the afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole

Back 157

the glomerulus capillary bed

Front 158

What is the big differ btwn the glomerulus cappilary bed compared to all other capillary beds?

Back 158

it is both fed and drained by the efferent arteriole and the afferent arteriole

Front 159

Where do the afferent arterioles arise from?

Back 159

the interlobular arterioles that run through the renal cortex

Front 160

NAME
this arises from the inerlobular artries that run through the renal cortex

Back 160

afferent arterioles

Front 161

Why does the afferent arterioles arise from the interlobular arteries that run through the renal cortex? (3)

Back 161

(1)arterioles are high resistance vessels (2)the afferent arteriole has a large diamter then the efferent, the blood pressure in the glomerulus is extraordinarily high for a capillary bed and easily forces fluid and solute out of the blood into the glomerular capsule

Front 162

NAME
The is (1)like this because arterioles are high resistance vessels and the afferent arteriole has a large diamter then the efferent, the blood pressure in the glomerulus is extraordinarily high for a capillary bed and easily forces fluid and solute out of the blood into the glomerular capsule

Back 162

the afferent arterioles arise from the interlobular arteries

Front 163

Most of the (1) (99%) is absorbed by the renal tubule cells and returned to the blood in the pertibular capillary beds

Back 163

filtrate

Front 164

Most of the filtrate (99%) is absorbed by the (1) and returned to the blood in the (2)beds

Back 164

(1)renal tubule cells (2)pertiubular capillary beds

Front 165

Most of the filtrate (99%) is absorbed by the renal tubule cells and returned to the blood in the (1)

Back 165

pertiubular capillary beds

Front 166

What is one differ btwn the pertiubular capillaries and the glomerulus cappilary beds?

Back 166

(1)pertiubular cappilary beds arise from the efferent arterioles draining from the glomeruli (2)the glomerulus capillary beds arise from the inerlobular arteries that run through the renal cortex

Front 167

Where do the pertiubular capillary bed arise from?

Back 167

the efferent arterioles draining the glomeruli

Front 168

NAME
these arise from the efferent arterioles draining from the glomeruli

Back 168

pertibular capillary beds

Front 169

What are the pertibular capillaries?

Back 169

they are low pressure, porous capillaries that readily absorb solutes and water from the tubule cells as these substances are reclaimed by the filtrate

Front 170

NAME
these are low pressure, porius capillaries that readily absorb solutes and water from the tubule cells as these substances are reclaimed by the filtrate

Back 170

pertibular capillaries

Front 171

What are vasa recta?

Back 171

are bundles of long striaght vessels that extend deep into the medullar

Front 172

NAME
these are bundles of long striaght vessels that extend deep into the medullar

Back 172

vasa recta

Front 173

In summary, what does the first capillary bed or glomerulus do?

Back 173

produces the filtrate

Front 174

NAME
this produces the filtrate

Back 174

the glomerulus capillary bed

Front 175

What does the secound or peritubular capillary bed do?

Back 175

reclaims most of the filtrate

Front 176

NAME
this reclaims most of the filtrate

Back 176

the peritubular capillary bed

Front 177

Blood flowing through the renal circulation encounters (1)in the afferent and then in the efferent arterioles

Back 177

high resistance

Front 178

Blood flowing through the renal circulation encounters high resistance in the (1) and then (2)

Back 178

(1)afferent (2)efferent arterioles

Front 179

What is the blood flow like inthe afferent and efferent arteriooles of the renal circulation?

Back 179

has high resistance

Front 180

Which has a high blood pressure? renal arteries or renal veins?

Back 180

renal arteries

Front 181

Which has a lower blood pressure, renal arteries or renal viens?

Back 181

renal viens

Front 182

What is the blood pressure in the renal arteries?

Back 182

about 95 mm Hg

Front 183

What is the blood pressure in the renal veins?

Back 183

about 8 mm Hg or less

Front 184

NAMe
the blood pressure here is about 95 mm Hg

Back 184

the renal arteries

Front 185

NAME
the blood pressure here is about 8 mm Hg or less

Back 185

renal viens

Front 186

What is the differ in blood pressure in the renal viens compared to the renal arteries?

Back 186

(1)renal veins-less (8 mm Hg or less (2)renal arteries is 95 mm Hg

Front 187

the renal blood pressure declines from (1)in the renal arteries to about (2) in the renal viens

Back 187

(1)95 mm Hg (2)8 or less mm Hg

Front 188

The renal blood pressure declines from 95 mm Hg in the (1)to about 8 or less mm Hg in the (2)

Back 188

(1)renal arteries (2)renal veins

Front 189

Each nephron has a region called the (1)

Back 189

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 190

NAME
each of these has a region called the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 190

nephron

Front 191

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Back 191

is where the initial portion of its coiling DCT lies against the afferent arteriole feeding the glomerulus

Front 192

NAME
this is where the inital portion of the its coiling DCT lies against the afferent arteriole feeding the glomerulus

Back 192

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 193

What does JG cells stand for?

Back 193

juxtaglomerular cells

Front 194

What are JG cells?

Back 194

are enlarged smooth muscle cells w prominent secertory granules containing renin

Front 195

NAME
these are enlarged smooth muscle cells w prominent secretory granule containing renin

Back 195

JG cells

Front 196

Where are JG cells found?

Back 196

in the arteriloe walls of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 197

NAME
these are found in the arteriole walls of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 197

JG cells

Front 198

what is macula densa?

Back 198

is a group of tall, closely packed DCT cells that lie adjacent to JG cells

Front 199

NAME
these are a group of tall, closely packed DCT cells that lie adajacent to JG cells

Back 199

macula densa

Front 200

What are mesangial cells?

Back 200

surround the glomerular capillaries and seemginly part of the JGA have phaogcytic and contractile properites

Front 201

surround the glomerular capillaries and seemginly part of the JGA have phaogcytic and contractile properites

Back 201

mesaangial cells

Front 202

Where is the filtration membrane located?

Back 202

btwn the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule

Front 203

NAME
this lies btwn the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule

Back 203

filtration mebrane

Front 204

what is the filtration membrane>

Back 204

it is a porous membrane that allows free passage of water and soultes smaller than plasma proteins

Front 205

NAME
it is a porous membrane that allows free passage of water and soultes smaller than plasma proteins

Back 205

filtration mebrane

Front 206

What are the (3)layers of the filtration membrane?

Back 206

(1)the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries (2)the visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule made of podocytes (3)the intervening basement membrane composed of the fused basal laminae of the other layers

Front 207

NAME
this has three layers: (1)the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries (2)the visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule made of podocytes (3)the intervening basement membrane composed of the fused basal laminae of the other layers

Back 207

filtration membrane

Front 208

NAME
in the filtration membrane, these allow for passage of all plasma components but not blood cells

Back 208

capillary pores

Front 209

in the filtration membrane, the capillary pores allow for (1)

Back 209

passage of all plasma components but not blood cells

Front 210

the filtration membrane also seems to confer (1)

Back 210

eletrical selecivity on the filtration process

Front 211

NAME
this also seems to confer eletrical selecivity on the filtration process

Back 211

filtration process

Front 212

What is the charge of most of the glycoprotiens in the filtration membrane?

Back 212

negative

Front 213

How does the filtration membrane confect eletrical selecivity?

Back 213

by most the proteins are negativly charged (2)they repel other macromolecular anions and hinder thier passsage

Front 214

NAME
this happens bc most of by most the proteins are negativly charged and they repel other macromolecular anions and hinder thier passsage

Back 214

electrical selectivity in the filtration membrane

Front 215

NAME
these organs consume 20 to 25 % of the body's oxygen

Back 215

kidneys

Front 216

How much total oxygen do the kidneys consume?

Back 216

20 to 25%

Front 217

What does filtrate contain?

Back 217

everything found in the blood plasma except protiens

Front 218

NAME
this contains everything found in the blood plasam except proteins

Back 218

filtrate

Front 219

What happens to filtrate by the time it reaches the collecting ducts?

Back 219

it has lost most of its nutrient and ions and is now urine

Front 220

NAME
when this has percolated into the collecting ducts, it has lost most of its water, nutrients, and ions, what remains is urine

Back 220

filtrate

Front 221

What is urine?

Back 221

is mostly metabolic wastes and unneed substances

Front 222

NAME
this is mostly metabolic wastes and unneeded substances

Back 222

urine

Front 223

How much do the kidneys process of blood-dervied flood a day?

Back 223

about 180 L

Front 224

NAME
this organ processes about 180 L of blood derived fluid daily

Back 224

kidneys

Front 225

How much urine actually leaves the body ?

Back 225

1%

Front 226

NAME
only about 1% of this actually leaves the body as this, and the rest returns to circulation

Back 226

urine

Front 227

What are (3)major processes of urine formation and adjustment of the blood composition?

Back 227

(1)glomerular filtration by the glomeruli (2)tubular reabsorption (3)secretion in the renal tubules

Front 228

NAME
this inolves three major processes: glomerular filtration by the glomeruli, tubular reabsorption, and secretion in the renal tubules

Back 228

urine formation and adjustment of the blood compostion

Front 229

What is the glomerular filtration?

Back 229

is a passive, nonselective process in which the hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and soultes through the membrane

Front 230

NAME
is a passive, nonselective process in which hydro pressure forces fluids and solultes through the membrane

Back 230

glomerular filtration

Front 231

NAME
this can be veiwed as a simple mechnical fibers

Back 231

the glomeruli

Front 232

Why can the glomeruli be viewed as simple mechincal fibers?

Back 232

bc filtrate formation does not consume metabolic energy

Front 233

T or F
filtrate formation does consume metabolic energy

Back 233

false

Front 234

Does filrate formation require metabolic energy?

Back 234

no

Front 235

Which is a much more efficient filter, glomerulus or other capillary beds?

Back 235

glomerulus

Front 236

Why is the glomerulus a more efficeint filter compared to other capillary beds? (2)

Back 236

(1)its filtration membrane has a large surface area and is thousands of times more permeable to water and solutes (2)glomerular blood pressure is much more higher than in other capillary beds`

Front 237

NAME
this is more more efficient filter because its filtration membrane has a large surface area nd is thousands of times more permeable to wter and solutes and glomerular blood pressure is much more higher than in othe capillary beds

Back 237

glomerulus

Front 238

What can of molecules can pass through the renal tubule?

Back 238

molecules smaller than 3 nm in diamter such as water, glucose, amino acids, and nitrogenous bases

Front 239

NAME
only molecules smaller than 3nm in diamter such as water, glucose, amino acids,and nitrogenous bases can pass through this

Back 239

the renal tubule

Front 240

Keeping the (1) in the capillaries helps to maintain th colloid osmotic pressure of the glomerular blood, preventing the losss of all water to the renal tubules

Back 240

plasma proteins

Front 241

NAME
this helps to maintian the coloid ostmoticp pressure of the glomerular blood, preventing the loss of all water to the renal tubules

Back 241

the keeping of plasma protiens in the capillaries

Front 242

What does the keeping of plasam proteins in the capillaries do?

Back 242

helps to maintian the coloid ostmoticp pressure of the glomerular blood, preventing the loss of all water to the renal tubules

Front 243

What is the NFP?

Back 243

is resposnible for filrate formation and involves foreces acting at the glomerular bed

Front 244

NAME
this is responsible for filtrate formation and inolves forces acting at the glomerular bed

Back 244

NFP

Front 245

What does NFP stand for?

Back 245

net filtration pressure

Front 246

What does HPg stand for?

Back 246

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Front 247

What is HPg?

Back 247

is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane

Front 248

NAME
this is the cheif force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration mebrane

Back 248

HPg

Front 249

What are two forces oppose that drive fluids back into the glomerular capillaries the HPg? (2)

Back 249

(1)OPg (2)HPc

Front 250

NAME
this is opposed by two forces that drive fluids back into the glmoerular capillaries: OPg and HPc

Back 250

HPg

Front 251

What does OPg stand for?

Back 251

colloid osmotic pressure of the glomerular blood

Front 252

What does HPc stand for?

Back 252

capsular hydrostatic pressure

Front 253

What are (2) filtration opposing forces of HPg and fluids in the glomerular capsule

Back 253

(1)OPg (2)HPc

Front 254

What does GFR stand for?

Back 254

glomerular filtration rate

Front 255

What is the GFR?

Back 255

is the vol of filtrate formed each min

Front 256

NAME
this is the vol of filtrate formed each min

Back 256

GFR

Front 257

What are factors that govern the GFR? (3)

Back 257

(1)total surface area avaivable for filtration (2)filtration membrane permeability (3)NFP

Front 258

NAME
this is governed by three factor such as the total surface area available for filtration, and membrane permeability and NFP

Back 258

GFR

Front 259

Why can hudge amounts of filtrate be produced by the kidneys?

Back 259

bc glomerular capillaries are exceptionally permeable

Front 260

What is the equation for get NFP?

Back 260

NFP=HPg-(OPg+HPc)

Front 261

NAME
this equals HPg-(OPg+HPc)

Back 261

NFP

Front 262

Because (1), any change in any pressures acting at the filtration membrane

Back 262

GFR is directly proportional to the NFP changes both the NFP and the GFR

Front 263

Because GFR is directly proportional to the NFP, (1)

Back 263

any change in pressures acting on the filtration membrane changes both the NFP and GFR

Front 264

GFR is directly proportional to the (1)

Back 264

NFP

Front 265

(1)is directly proportional to the NFP

Back 265

GFR

Front 266

An (1)increses the GFR

Back 266

arterial blood pressure

Front 267

An increase in arterial blood pressure, (1)

Back 267

increases the GFR

Front 268

Dehydration inhibits (1)

Back 268

filtrate formation

Front 269

(1)inhbits filtrate formation

Back 269

dehydration

Front 270

Why is maitaining a fairly constant GFT important?

Back 270

bc resabsorption of water and other substances from the filtrate depends partly on the rate at which it flows through the renal tubules

Front 271

What does the reabsorption of water and other substances from filtrate depend on?

Back 271

the partly the rate at wchih it flows through the renal tubules

Front 272

NAME
this partly depends on the rate at which it flows through the renal tubules

Back 272

the reabsorption of water ando ther substance from filtrate

Front 273

What happens if massiave amounts of filtrate form?

Back 273

the flow is too rapid for needed substances to be reasborbed fast enough and some are lost in the urine

Front 274

NAME
this happens if flow is too rapid for needed substances to reabsorbed fast enough and some are lost in urine

Back 274

if massive amounts of filtrate form

Front 275

What happens if flitrate is scanty and flows slowly?

Back 275

nearly all of it will absorbed including most of the waste that are normally disposed of

Front 276

NAME
this happens if nearly all of it is absorbed including most of the waste that are normally disposed of

Back 276

if the filtrate is scanty and flows slowly

Front 277

How is GFR held relatively constant?

Back 277

by both intrinsic and extrinsic controls which regulate renal blood flow

Front 278

What regulates renal blood flow?

Back 278

both instrinsic and extrinsic controls

Front 279

What is a example of a intrinsic control that regulate the renal blood flow?

Back 279

renal autoregulation

Front 280

NAME
this is a ex of a intrisnic control that regulates the renal blood flow

Back 280

renal autoregulation

Front 281

What is renal autoregulation?

Back 281

is the adjustment of its own resistance to blood flow

Front 282

NAME
this is the adjustment of its own resistance to blood flow

Back 282

renal autoregulation

Front 283

What does the renal autoregulation allow the kidney to do?

Back 283

maintain a nearly constant GFR despite fuctutions in a systemic arterial blood pressure

Front 284

NAME
this helps the kidneys to maintain a nearly constant GFR despite functions in a systemic arterial blood pressure (more specfic )

Back 284

intrinisc controls such as renal autoregulation

Front 285

What are (2) types of controls of renalautoregulation?

Back 285

(1)a myogenic mechanism (2)a tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

Front 286

NAME
this has two controls: a myogenic mechanism and a tubuoglmoerular feedback mechanism

Back 286

renalautoregulation

Front 287

What is myogenic mechanism?

Back 287

reflects the tendecny of vascular smooth muscle to contract when streched

Front 288

NAME
this reflects the tendecy of vascular smooth muscle to contract when streched

Back 288

myogenic mechanism

Front 289

A increase in systemic blood pressure will cause (1)

Back 289

the afferent arterolies to constrict which restricts the blood flow into the glomerulus and prevents glomerular blood pressure from rising to damaging levels

Front 290

NAME
this cna cause the afferent arterolies to constrict which restricts the blood flow into the glomerulus and prevents glomerular blood pressure from rising to damaging levels

Back 290

a increase in systemic blood pressure

Front 291

What does a decrease in systemic blood pressure cause?

Back 291

the diliation of afferent arteriole and raises glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Front 292

NAME
this causes the dilation of afferent arterioles and raises the glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Back 292

a decrease in systemic blood pressure

Front 293

What directs the tubuloglomerular feedback mehcanism?

Back 293

the macula densa cells of the jxxtaglmoerular apparatus

Front 294

NAME
this is directed by the macula densa cells of the juxtaglmoerular apparatus

Back 294

the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

Front 295

NAME
these respond to filtrat flow and osmotic signals

Back 295

macula densa cells

Front 296

What do macula densa cells respond to ?

Back 296

filtrate flow and osmotic signals

Front 297

What happens when macula densa cells are exposed to slowly flowing filtrate or filtrate w low osmolality?

Back 297

thier signals promote vasodilation of the afferent arterioles-- which allows more blood flow into the glomerulus and thus increases the NFP and GFR

Front 298

NAME
this happens when thier signals promote the vasoldilation of the afferent arterioles--- which allows for more blood flow into the glomerulus and thus increases the NFP and GFR

Back 298

when macula densa cells are exposed to slowly flowing filtrate or filtrate w low osmolarity

Front 299

What happens when macula densa cells are exposed to filtrate that is flowing rapidly and/or has a high sodium and chloride content?

Back 299

the macula densa cells prompt generation of vasoconstritor chemcials that causes intense renal vasoconstriction-- that hinders blood flow into the glomerulus which decreases the GFR and allows more filtrate processing

Front 300

NAME
when this happens, the macula densa cells prompt generation of vasoconstricotor chemicals that causes intesnse renal vasoconstriction-- that hinders the blood flow into the glomerulus which decreases the GFR and allows more filtrate processing

Back 300

when the macula densa cells are exposed to filtrate that is flowing rapidly and/or has a high sodium chloride content

Front 301

T or F
the instrinsic controls can handle a extermly low systemic blood pressure such as one that might result from a serious hemorphage

Back 301

false

Front 302

Can the instrinisic controls hand a extermly low systemic blood pressure such as on that might result from a serious hemorphage?

Back 302

no

Front 303

What is below what amount can the intrinsic controls not handle a low systemic blood pressure?

Back 303

anything below 90 mm Hg

Front 304

NAME
anything below this systemic blood pressure and autoregulation will cease

Back 304

90 mm Hg

Front 305

What is the purpose of the extrinisic controls regulating the GFR?

Back 305

is to maintain the systemic blood pressure

Front 306

Draw what happens when their is low blood pressure in the renal blood vessels?

Back 306

p 1008

Front 307

What happens when the vol of extracellular fluid is normal and the sympathic nervous system is at rest?

Back 307

the renal blood vessels are maximally dilated and the renal autoregulations prevail

Front 308

NAME
during this, the renal blood vessels are maximally dilated and the renal autoregulations prevail

Back 308

when the vol of extracellular fluid is normal and the sympathic nervous system is at rest

Front 309

What happens when during extreme stress or emergency when it is neccessary to shunt blood to vital organs?

Back 309

neural controls may overcome renal autoregulatory mechiansims

Front 310

NAME
when this happens, neural controls may overcome renal autoregulatory mechanisms

Back 310

during exterme stress or emergency when it is neccessary to shunt the blood to the vital organs

Front 311

When is the renin-angiotensin mechanism triggered?

Back 311

when various stimuli cause JG cells to release renin

Front 312

NAME
this is triggered when various stimuli cause JG cells to release renin

Back 312

renin-angiotensin mechanism

Front 313

What does renin act on?

Back 313

angiotensingoen

Front 314

NAME
this acts on angiotensingoen

Back 314

renin

Front 315

What is angiotensinogen?

Back 315

is a plasma globulin made both by the liver and locally by the PCT cells to release angiotensin I

Front 316

NAMe
this is a plasma globulin made both by the liver and locally at the PCT cells to release angiotensin I

Back 316

angiotensingoen

Front 317

Angiotensin I is converted to (1)

Back 317

angiotensin II

Front 318

What is does ACE stand for?

Back 318

angiotensin converting enzyme

Front 319

What is ACE?

Back 319

converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II

Front 320

NAME
this converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II

Back 320

ACE

Front 321

What is angiotensin II?

Back 321

is a potent vasoconstrictor that activates smooth muscle of arterioles throughout the body, raising mean arterial blood pressure

Front 322

NAME
this is a potent vasoconstrictor that activates, smooth muscle of arterioles throughout the body, raising mean arterial blood pressure

Back 322

angiotensin II

Front 323

What are some of the several factors that can trigger renin release? (3)

Back 323

(1)reduced strech of the granular JG cells such as a drop in systemic blood pressure below 80 mm Hg (2)stimulation of the JG cells by input from activated macula densa cells (3)direct stimulation of JG cells via B1 adrenergic receptors by renal sympthetic nerves

Front 324

NAME
this can be caused by (1)reduced strech of the granular JG cells such as a drop in systemic blood pressure below 80 mm Hg (2)stimulation of the JG cells by input from activated macula densa cells (3)direct stimulation of JG cells via B1 adrenergic receptors by renal sympthetic nerves

Back 324

the release of renin

Front 325

What are some other factors (not normally) that can trigger the production of renin? (4)

Back 325

(1)Prostoglandins (2)nitric oxide (3)adenosine (4)endothelin

Front 326

NAME
these are otehr factors that ca trigger the production of this: prostoglandins, nitric oxide, adenosine, and endoethelin

Back 326

renin

Front 327

What are (2) types of prostaglandins?

Back 327

(1)PGE2 (2)PGI2

Front 328

NAME
these include PGE2 and PGI2

Back 328

prostaglandins

Front 329

What are prostglandins?

Back 329

are vasodilators produced in response to a symapathic stimulation and angiotensin II, are believed to counteract the effect of noneprinpehrin and angiotensin II on the kidney

Front 330

NAME
are vasodilators produced in response to a symapathic stimulation and angiotensin II, are believed to counteract the effect of noneprinpehrin and angiotensin II on the kidney

Back 330

prostglandins

Front 331

NAME
this is a potent vasodilator produced by the vascular endoethelum

Back 331

nitric oxide

Front 332

What is adenosine?

Back 332

it functions as a vasiodilator systemically, and constricts the renal vascularture

Front 333

NAME
this functions as a vasiodilator systemically and counteract the renal vascularture

Back 333

adenosine

Front 334

What is endothelin?

Back 334

is secreted by the vascular endothelium and selected tubule cells, endothein is a powerful vasoconstrictor

Front 335

NAME
is secreted by the vascular endothelium and selected tubule cells, endothein is a powerful vasoconstrictor

Back 335

endothelin

Front 336

What is anuria?

Back 336

is abnormally low urinary output

Front 337

NAME
this refers to a abnormally low urinary output

Back 337

anuria

Front 338

What might a anuria indicate?

Back 338

(1)that glomerular blood pressure is too low to cause filtration (2)due to the nephrons ceaseing to function

Front 339

NAME
this can be caused by when glomerular blood pressure is to low, but it is normally results from the when nephrons cease in function

Back 339

anuria

Front 340

What keeps on plasma from being drained away as urine?

Back 340

the fact the most of our tubule contents are quickly reclaimed and returned to our blood

Front 341

NAME
if werent for the fact that most of our tubule contents are quickly reclaimed and returned to our blood-- this would happen

Back 341

our plasma would be drained away w our urine

Front 342

What is the tubular reabsorption?

Back 342

refers to the process by which our blood plasma is quickly reclaimed and returned to the blood

Front 343

NAME
this refers to the process by which our blood plasam is quickly reclaimed and returned to the blood

Back 343

tubular reabsoprtion

Front 344

When does the tubular reabsorption process start?

Back 344

it is a transepihtelial process that begins as soon as the filtrate enters the proximal tubules `

Front 345

NAME
this is a transepithetial process that begins as soon a the filtrate enters the proximal tubules

Back 345

tubular reabsoprtion process

Front 346

in order to reach the blood, what are (3) membrane barriers transporters must go through?

Back 346

(1)luminal and basolateral membranes of tubule cells (2)the endoethelium of the pertibular capillaries

Front 347

NAME
in order to do this: they need to go through these three membrane barriers: luminal and basolateral membranes of the tubule cells, and the endoethelium of peritbular capillaries

Back 347

transporters to reach the blood

Front 348

Why is movement btwn cells limited in the tubule cells?

Back 348

bc of tight junctions

Front 349

NAME
tight junctions in tubule cells do this

Back 349

make movement btwn cells limited

Front 350

T or F
viturally all organic nutrients such as glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed to maintain or restore nromal plasma concentrations

Back 350

true

Front 351

Virtuall all (1)are reabsorbed to maintian or restore normal plasma concentrations

Back 351

organic nutrients such as glucose and amino acids

Front 352

Vitrually, all organic nutrients are reabsorbed to (1)

Back 352

maitain or restore normal plasma conecntrations

Front 353

What kind of energy does the reabsorbtion process use?

Back 353

either passive or active

Front 354

NAME
this is the single most abundant cation in the filtrate

Back 354

NA

Front 355

NAME
about of 80% of its energy used for active transport is devoted to thier reabsorption

Back 355

NA

Front 356

How much energy is used by NA ?

Back 356

about 80% of its energy used for active transport is devoted to thier reabsorption

Front 357

What is the most abundant cation in the filtrate?

Back 357

na

Front 358

NA is the (1)in filtrate

Back 358

the most abundant cation

Front 359

How is sodium reasborbed?

Back 359

is almost always reabsorbed actively via the transcellular route

Front 360

NAME
this is almost always reabsorbed actively via the transcellular route

Back 360

NA

Front 361

What are (2)processes that promote active Na reabsorption to occur in each tubule segment?

Back 361

(1)when NA enters the tubule cells from the filtrate at the luminal membrane and then (2)is actively transported out of the tubule cells by a Na+-K ATPase pump present in the basolateral membrane

Front 362

NAME
this can be occur when Na enters the tubule cells from the filtrate at the luminal membrane and the is actively transported out of the tubule cells by a Na+-K ATPase pump present in the basolateral membrane

Back 362

active Na reabsorption

Front 363

Why is the movement of Na+ cells and other absorbed substances so rapid?

Back 363

bc of the low hydrostatic pressure and high osmatic pressure

Front 364

What does the active pumping of Na+ restult in?

Back 364

a strong electrochemical gradiant that favors its passive entry at the luminal face via cotransport or active transport carriers or via facilated diffusion

Front 365

NAME
this results in a strong electrochemical gradiant that favors its passive entry at the luminal face via cotransport or active transport carriers or via facilated diffusion

Back 365

the active pumping of Na+

Front 366

Why does the active pumping of Na+ result ing a strong electrochemical gradiant that favors its passive entry at the luminal face via cotransport? (2)

Back 366

(1)the pump maintains the intracellular Na+ concentrations at low levels (2)the K+ pumped into the tubule cell almost immediatly diffuses out into the inter of the tubule cells w a net negative charge

Front 367

NAME
this will occur bc the pump maitains the intracellular Na+ conecntrations at low levels and the K+ pumped into the tubule cells almost immediatly diffuses out into the inter of the tubule cells w a net negative charge

Back 367

tive pumping of Na+ result ing a strong electrochemical gradiant that favors its passive entry at the luminal face via cotransport

Front 368

What is absorbed in the proximal convoulated tubule? (7)

Back 368

Na ions (2)viturally all nutrients (3)Cations (4)Anions (5)water (6)Urea and lipid soluble soultes (7)small protiens

Front 369

NAMe
the following substances are reasborbed here: Na ions, virtually all nutrient, cations, anions, water, urea, and lipid soutles, and small protiens

Back 369

in the proximal convoulated tubule

Front 370

What is the passive reabsorption?

Back 370

refers to when substances move along thier electrochemical gradient w/out the use of ATP

Front 371

NAME
this refers to wehn substances move along thier electrochemical gradient w/out the use of ATP

Back 371

passive reabsorption

Front 372

What are aquaphorins?

Back 372

are water filled pores

Front 373

NAME
these are water filled pores

Back 373

aquaphorins

Front 374

What is obligatory water reabsorption?

Back 374

refers to the sodium linked water flow

Front 375

NAME
refers to when water is "obliged " to follow salt

Back 375

obligatory water reabsorption

Front 376

NAME
this refers to the sodium linked water flow

Back 376

obligatory water reabsorption

Front 377

Why are aquaphorins virtually absent in the distal tubules and collecting duct membranes unless ADH levels are high?

Back 377

bc of the obligatory water reabsorption

Front 378

NAME
these vitrually absent in distal tubules and collecting duct unless ADH levels increase

Back 378

aquaphorin

Front 379

Are there aquaphorin in distal tubules and collecting ducts?

Back 379

no unless ADH levels increase

Front 380

Water moves by osmosis, a process adided by (1)

Back 380

aquaphorins

Front 381

How are Na+ reabsorbed?

Back 381

primary by active transport via ATP dependent Na+-K carriers set

Front 382

NAME
these are primary reabsorbed by active transport via ATP dependent Na+-K carriers

Back 382

Na+

Front 383

NAME
this sets up eletrochemical gradient for passive solute diffusion, osmosis, and secondary active transport of Na_

Back 383

the reabsorbtio of Na+

Front 384

What does the reasborbtion of NA trigger?

Back 384

sets up a eletrochemcial gradient for passive solute diffusion, osmosis, and secondary active transport of Na+

Front 385

How are virtually all nutrients reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Back 385

by active transport or (2)cotransport w Na+

Front 386

NAME
these substances are reabsorbed by active transport or cotransport w Na+

Back 386

virtually all nutrients in the proximal convoluted tubule

Front 387

How are cations substance reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Back 387

(1)passive transport driven by electrochemical gradient for most

Front 388

NAME
most of these substances are reabsorbed by passive transport driven by electrochemical gradient

Back 388

cations in the proximal convoluted tubule

Front 389

How is K+ reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Back 389

by the paracellular route

Front 390

NAMe
this cation is reabsorbed by the paracellular route

Back 390

K+ in the proximal convoluted tubule

Front 391

How are anions such such as Cl- and HCO3- reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Back 391

by passive transport (2)paracellular diffusin driven by electrochemical gradient (3)active transport w Na+

Front 392

NAME
these substances are reabsorbed by passive transport, paracellular diffusion driven by electrochemical gradient and the active transport of Na+

Back 392

anions such as Cl- and HCO3- in the proximal convoluted tubule

Front 393

How is water reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Back 393

by osmosis

Front 394

NAME
this substance is reabsorbed by osmosis

Back 394

water

Front 395

How is urea and lipid soluble solutes reabsorbed by in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Back 395

by passive diffusion driven by the electrochemical gradient created by the osmotic movement of water

Front 396

NAME
these substances, are reabsorbed by the passive diffusion driven by the electrochemcial gradient created by the osmotic movement of water

Back 396

urea and lipid soluble soultes in the proximal convoluted tubule

Front 397

How are small protiens in the proximal tubule reasborbed?

Back 397

endocytosed by tubule cells and digested to amino acids w/in tubule cells

Front 398

NAME
this substance, is reabsorbed by endocytos by tubule cells and digested to amino acids w/in tubule cells

Back 398

small proteins in the proximal convoluted tubule

Front 399

What are some substance reabsorbed by secondary active transport (4)?

Back 399

glucose (2) amino acids (3)lacatate (4) vitamins (5)most cations

Front 400

How are glucose, amino acids, lacatate, vitamins, anbd most cations reabsorbd?

Back 400

by secondray active transport

Front 401

What does Tm stand for?

Back 401

transport miximimum

Front 402

What is Tm ?

Back 402

exculding Na, it refers to nearly every substance that is actively reabsorbed

Front 403

NAME
exucluding Na, this refers to nearly every substance that is actively reabsorbd

Back 403

Tm

Front 404

What doest Tm reflect?

Back 404

the number of carriers in the renal tubules available to ferry each particular substance

Front 405

NAME
this reflects the number of carriers in the renal tubules available to ferry each particular substance

Back 405

Tm

Front 406

What has hight Tm values?

Back 406

glucose

Front 407

What does mean that a carriers are saturated?

Back 407

it means that all carriers are bound to the substance they transport

Front 408

NAME
this means that all carriers are bound to the substnace they transport

Back 408

saturated carriers

Front 409

What happens if the carriers are saturated in the urine?

Back 409

the excess is excerted in the urine

Front 410

T or F
substances cannot be reabsorbed or reabsorbed incompletely

Back 410

false

Front 411

Why are some substances not reaborsbed or are reabsorbed incompletely? (3)

Back 411

(1)lack of carreirs (2)are not lipid soluble (3)are too large to pass through plasma membrane pores of tubular cells

Front 412

NAME
this can happen because of lack of carriers, substances not lipid souble, and/or are too large to pass through the plasma membrane pores of tubular cells

Back 412

refers to when some substances are not reabsorbed or are reabsorbed incomplteltly

Front 413

What are (3) types of nonreasborbed substances?

Back 413

(1)urea (2)creatinine (3)uric acid

Front 414

What are the most active reabsorbers?

Back 414

PCT cells

Front 415

NAME
these are the most active reabsorbers

Back 415

PCT cells

Front 416

NAME
the bulk of the selective or active transport depedent, reabsorption of electrolytes is reabsorbed here

Back 416

loop of Henle

Front 417

PCT cells are the (1)

Back 417

most active reabsorbers

Front 418

The bulk of (1) occurs in the loop of Henle

Back 418

the selective or active transport dependent, reabsorption of electroyltes

Front 419

How is water absorbed in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

Back 419

osmosis

Front 420

What does the descending limb of the loop of Henle reabsorb?

Back 420

water

Front 421

What does the ascending limb of the loop henle reabsorb? (5)

Back 421

(1)Na+ (2)Cl- (3)K+ (4)Ca2+ (5)Mg2+

Front 422

NAME
this reabsorbes the following: Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+

Back 422

the ascending limb of the loop Henle

Front 423

How is Na+, Cl, and K+ reabsorbed by the ascending loop of Henle? (3)

Back 423

active transport of Cl- and Na+ via Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporters in the thick portion (2)also paracellular transport (3)Na+H- antitransport

Front 424

NAME
this can be reabsorbed by active transport of Cl-and Na+ via Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporters in the thick portion and also by paracellular transport and Na+H+ antitransport

Back 424

Na+, Cl- and K+ in the ascending loop of Henle

Front 425

How can Ca2+ and Mg2+ be reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle? (2)

Back 425

(1)passive transport driven by electrochemical gradient (2)paracellular route

Front 426

NAME
this can be reabsorbed by passive transport driven by electrochemical gradient and paracellular route

Back 426

Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Front 427

T or F
waters can leave the ascending loob not the dsecending limb of the loop of Henle

Back 427

false

Front 428

T or F
more eletrolytes are reabsorbed in the loop of Henle. However, K+ recyles -- it is reabsorbed in the ascending limb and secreted from the descending limb

Back 428

true

Front 429

More eletroyltes are reabsorbed in the loop of Henle However, (1)recyltes it is reabsorbed in the ascendign limb and secreted in the descending limb

Back 429

K+

Front 430

More eletroyltes are reabsorbed in the (1) however K+ recyles-- it is reabsorbed in the (2) and secreted in the (3)

Back 430

(1)loop of Henle (2)ascending limb (3)descending limb

Front 431

How is Na+ reabsorbed in the DCT?

Back 431

by primary active transport and requires aldosterone

Front 432

NAME
this is reabsorbed by the primary active transport and requires aldosterone

Back 432

Na in the DCT

Front 433

How is Ca2+ reabsorbed in the DCT?

Back 433

by PTH mediated primary active transport via ATP dependent Ca2+ carrier or Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in basal membrane

Front 434

NAME
this is reabsorbed by the PTH meidated primary active transport via ATP dependent Ca2+ carrier exchnager in the basal membrane

Back 434

Ca2+ in the DCT

Front 435

How is the Cl- reabsorbed in the DCT?

Back 435

by diffusion following the electrochemical gradient created by the active reabsorption of Na+ and (2)also cotransported w Na+

Front 436

NAME
this is transported by the diffusion following the electrochemical gradient created by the active reabsorption of Na+ and also cotransported w Na_

Back 436

Cl- in the DCT

Front 437

NAME
this can be reabsorbed by osmosis, and faculative water reabsorption,

Back 437

water in the DCT

Front 438

How is water in the DCT reabsorbed?

Back 438

by the osmosis and faculative water reabsorption

Front 439

How are Na+, H+, K+, HCO3, and Cl -does the reabsorbed in the collecting ducts?

Back 439

aldosterone-mediated primary active transport of Na+ and the medullary gradient create the conditions neccesary for passive transport of some HCO3- and Cl

Front 440

What does water reabsorption in the water in the DCT and the collecting ducts depend on?

Back 440

the abiltiy of ADH to increase the porosity of tubule epithelium

Front 441

NAME
reabsorption of this depends on the ability of to increase the porosity of tubule epithelium

Back 441

water

Front 442

How is urea reabsorbed in the collecting ducts?

Back 442

by faciliated diffusion in response to concentration gradient in the deep medulla region and most remains in the medullay interstitial space

Front 443

NAME
this is reabsorbed by the by faciliated diffusion in response to concentration gradient in the deep medulla region and most remains in the medullay interstitial space

Back 443

urea in the collecing ducts

Front 444

What can the collectin ducts reabsorb? (7)

Back 444

(1)Na_ (2)H_(3)k+(4)HCO3- (5)Cl- (6)water (7)urea

Front 445

NAME
this can reabsorb the following: Na,H+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, water, and urea

Back 445

the collecting ducts

Front 446

What can the DCT reabsorb? (4)

Back 446

(1)Na+ (2)Ca2+ (3)Cl- (4)Water

Front 447

NAME
this can reabsorb Na+, Ca2+, Cl- and water

Back 447

DCT

Front 448

What are some effects of aldosterone? (3)

Back 448

(1)fine tunes the reabsorption of the remaining Na2+ (2)facilitate water absorption as Na2+ is reabsorbed (3)reduces K+ conectrations

Front 449

NAME
this fine tunes the reabsorption of the remaining Na2+, faciliate water absorption as Na2_ is reabsorbed, and reduces the K+ concetrations

Back 449

aldosterone

Front 450

What does ANP stand for?

Back 450

atrial natriuretic peptide

Front 451

What is ANP?

Back 451

reduces blood Na+ thereby decreasing blood vol and blood pressure

Front 452

NAME
this reduces blood Na+ thereby decreasing blood vol and blood pressure

Back 452

ANP

Front 453

What are some ways taht ANP works to lower blood Na+ levels?

Back 453

(1)acts directly on medullary collecting ducts to inhibit reabsorption (2)indirectly inhibits Na+ reabsorption by counteracting the stimulatory effeect of Angiotensins II on aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex (3)indirectly stimulates the renal arterioles, thereby reducing water reabsorption and blood vol

Front 454

NAME
this reduces Na+ levels by acting directly on medullary collecting ducts to inhibit reabsorption, indirectly inhibits Na+ reabsorption by counteracting the stimulatory effeect of Angiotensins II on aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex, and indirectly stimulates the renal arterioles, thereby reducing water reabsorption and blood vol

Back 454

ANP

Front 455

What are (2)ways to clear plasma of unwanted substances?

Back 455

(1)the faliure of tubule cells to reabsorb some solutes (2)tubular secretion

Front 456

NAME
the faliure of tubule cells to reabsorb some solutes and tubular secretion helps to do this

Back 456

clear plasma of unwanted substances

Front 457

What is tubular secretion?

Back 457

is reabsorption in reverse

Front 458

NAME
this is reabsorption in reverse

Back 458

tubular secretion

Front 459

T or F
thus the urine eventually excreted contains both filtered and secreted substances

Back 459

true

Front 460

Urine eventually excreted contain both (1)

Back 460

filtered and secreted substances

Front 461

What is the major site of secretion?

Back 461

PCT

Front 462

NAME
this is the major site of secretion

Back 462

PCT

Front 463

PCT is the major site of (1)

Back 463

secertion

Front 464

What is osmolality?

Back 464

is the number of solutes particles dissolved in one liter of water

Front 465

NAME
this refers to the number of solutes particles dissolbed in one liter of water

Back 465

osmolality

Front 466

What does the osmolality reflect?

Back 466

the solution's ability to cause osmosis

Front 467

NAME
this reflects the solution's ability to cause osmosis

Back 467

osmolality

Front 468

What is used to measure /desecribe the solute concentration of body fluids?

Back 468

mOsm

Front 469

mOsm is used to measure/ describe the (1)

Back 469

solutes concentration of body fluids or osmolality

Front 470

What does mOsm stand for?

Back 470

milliosmol

Front 471

What should the solute load of body fluids or osmolality be kept at in the renal cortex?

Back 471

300 mOsm

Front 472

300 mOsm is "ideal" osmolality of the (1)

Back 472

renal cortex

Front 473

How are the kidneys able to keep the osmolality of the renal cortex at 300 mOsm?

Back 473

through the countercurrent mechanism

Front 474

What does the countercurrent mechanism help the kidneys to do?

Back 474

keeo the osmolality of the renal cortex at 300 mOsm

Front 475

What does the term countercurrent mean?

Back 475

it means that something flows in the opposite direction through the adjacent channels

Front 476

NAME
this means that something flows in the opposite direction through the adjacent channels

Back 476

countercurrent

Front 477

What does the countercurrent mechanism inolve in the kidneys?

Back 477

the interaction btwn the flow of filtrate through the long loops of the Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons and the flow of the blood through the adjacent vasa recta blood vessels

Front 478

NAME
this involves the the interaction btwn the flow of filtrate through the long loops of the Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons and the flow of the blood through the adjacent vasa recta blood vessels

Back 478

countercurrent mechanism

Front 479

What is countercurrent multiplier?

Back 479

is the loop of Henle

Front 480

The loop of Henle is the (1)

Back 480

countercurrent multipler

Front 481

What is the countercurrent exchanger?

Back 481

is the vasa recta blood vessels

Front 482

The vasa recta blood vessels are the (1)

Back 482

countercurrent exchanger

Front 483

The osmolality increases from (1)to about (2) mOsm on the deepest part of the renal medulla

Back 483

(1)300 (2)1200

Front 484

What does the osmalility increase to in the deepest part of the renal medulla?

Back 484

1200 mOsm

Front 485

What are (3) factors that keep the countercurrent multipler functioning?

Back 485

(1)the decending limb of the loop of Henle is relatvily impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water (2)the ascending limb is permeable to solutes, but not to water(3) the collecting ducts in the deep medullary regiosn are permeable to urea

Front 486

NAME
this is able to function because (1)the decending limb of the loop of Henle is relatvily impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water (2)the ascending limb is permeable to solutes, but not to water(3) the collecting ducts in the deep medullary regiosn are permeable to urea

Back 486

the countercurrent multipler

Front 487

When does the loop Henle reach a osmolality of 1200 mOSm?

Back 487

at the elbow of the loop or vasa recta

Front 488

At the elbow of the loop of Henle (also called the vasa recta, the osmolality can reach as high as (1)

Back 488

1200 mOsm

Front 489

Where does most of the reabsorption of Na+, K+, and -2Cl- take place?

Back 489

in thick segments of the loop of Henle

Front 490

What is the osmolaltiy in the ascending loop of Henle?

Back 490

200 mOsm

Front 491

The (1) concentration in the filtrate is very high in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Back 491

Na+ and Cl-

Front 492

The concentration of Na+ and Cl- in the filtrate is very high in the (1)

Back 492

ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Front 493

As the filtrarte flows from the cortex to the medulla in the descending limb, water leaves the tubule by osmosis and the filtrate osmolaity increases from (1) to (2)

Back 493

(1)300 (2)1200 mOsm

Front 494

The more (1)the ascending limb extrudes, the more water diffuses out of the descending limb and the saltier the filtrate in the descending limb becomes

Back 494

NaCl

Front 495

The more NaCl the ascending limb extrudes, the more (1)diffuses out of the descending limb and the (2)the filtrate in the descending limb becomes

Back 495

(1)water (2)saltier

Front 496

Water diffusing out of the descending limb produces a (1)

Back 496

salty filtrate that the ascending limb uses to raise the osmolaity of the medullary interstital fluid

Front 497

(1)produces a salty filtrate that the ascending limb uses to raise the osmolaity of the medullary interstital fluid

Back 497

water diffusing out of the descending limb

Front 498

NAME
this establishes a postive feedback mechanism that produces the high osmolaltiy of the fluids in the descending limb and the interstitial fluid

Back 498

when water diffusing out of the descending limb produces a salty filtrate that the ascending limb uses to raise the osmolaity of the medullary interstital fluid

Front 499

What does water diffusing out of the descending limb produces a salty filtrate that the ascending limb uses to raise the osmolaity of the medullary interstital fluid, help to establish?

Back 499

establishes a postive feedback mechanism that produces the high osmolaltiy of the fluids in the descending limb and the interstitial fluid

Front 500

What is the countercurrent exchanger?

Back 500

refers to the vasa recta

Front 501

NAME
this refers to the vasa recta

Back 501

countercurrent exchanger

Front 502

What is the function of the countercurrent exchanger?

Back 502

it functions in maaintaining the osmotic gradient established by the cycling of salt while delivering blood cells in the area

Front 503

NAME
this functions in maintaining the the osmotic gradient established by the cycling of salt while delivering blood cells in the area

Back 503

the countercurrent exchanger

Front 504

NAME
these blood vessels on recieve about 10% of the renal blood supply

Back 504

vasa recta

Front 505

The vasa recta is extermely (1)

Back 505

permeable to water and NaCL

Front 506

NAME
this is extermly permeable to wter and NaCL

Back 506

vasa recta

Front 507

As the blood flows into the medullary depths, it (1)

Back 507

looses water and gains salt

Front 508

NAME
this inhibits dieuresis

Back 508

ADH

Front 509

What does the ADH stand for?

Back 509

antidieurtic hormone

Front 510

What is dieuresis?

Back 510

refers to urine output

Front 511

NAME
this refers to urine output

Back 511

dieruresis

Front 512

What does the ADH hormone do?

Back 512

inhibits dieuresis

Front 513

Depending on (1) in the loop of Henle, the urine conecntration may reach as high as 1200 mOsm

Back 513

the amount of ADH released

Front 514

When maximal ADH secretion is up, 99 % of the water is (1)

Back 514

reabsorbed and returned to the blood

Front 515

ADH is released more or less continously unless (1)

Back 515

the blood soulte concentration drops too low

Front 516

NAME
this is released more or less continously unless the blood soulte conecntration drops to low

Back 516

ADH

Front 517

When is ADH release enhanced?

Back 517

by any event that raises osmolaity above 300 mOsm such as sweating or diarrhea

Front 518

NAME
ths is released by any event that raises osmolaity above 300 mOsm such as sweating or diarrhea

Back 518

aDH

Front 519

T or F
there are several types of diutertucs

Back 519

true

Front 520

What are diuretics?

Back 520

are chemicals that enhance urinary output

Front 521

NAME
these are chemicals that enhance urinary output

Back 521

diuretics

Front 522

What is a osmotic diuertic?

Back 522

is a substance that is not reabsorbed and that carries water out with it

Front 523

NAME
this is a substance that is not reabsorbed and that carries water out w it/

Back 523

osmotic diuretic

Front 524

Give a example of a diuretic?

Back 524

Alcohol and caffine

Front 525

NAME
alcholol is a example of this

Back 525

a dieuertic

Front 526

What is one other way a substance can work a dieuertic?

Back 526

by inhibiting Na+ reabsoprtion and the obligatory water reabsoprtion that normally follows

Front 527

NAME
this can also incease urine output by inhibiting Na+ reabsorption and the obligatory water reabsorption that normally follows

Back 527

diuertic

Front 528

What is a example a diuretic that works by inhibiting Na+ reabsorption and by the obligatory water reabsoprtion that normally follows?

Back 528

caffeine and many drugs prescribed for hypertension or the edema of congestive heart faliure

Front 529

NAME
a example of this is caffeine and many drugs prescribed for hypertension or the edema of congestive heart failure

Back 529

a diuretic that works by inhibiting Na+ reabsorption and by the obilgatory water reabsoprtion that normally follows

Front 530

What are the symptoms of kidney trouble?

Back 530

include high blood pressure, freqeunt, urination, diffuclt or painful urination, puffy eyes, or swollen hands or feet

Front 531

NAME
some symptoms of this include high blood pressure, frequent, urination, puffy eyes, or swollen hands or feet

Back 531

kidney trouble

Front 532

What can too much phosphorus do?

Back 532

leache Calcium from the skelton and weakenes bones

Front 533

NAME
this can leache Calcium from the skeleton and weakens the bones

Back 533

to much phosphorus

Front 534

What can too much sodium do?

Back 534

can raise blood pressure and cause ostperposis

Front 535

NAME
this can raise your blood pressure and cause osteprosis

Back 535

too much sodium

Front 536

What color is the urine?

Back 536

clear and pale to deep yellow

Front 537

NAME
this is a clear and pale to deep yellow color

Back 537

urine

Front 538

What accounts for urine being a clear and plae to deep yellow color?

Back 538

urochrome

Front 539

What is urochrome?

Back 539

is a pigment found in urine that gives it's color

Front 540

What does urochrome result from?

Back 540

the destruction of hemoglobin

Front 541

NAME
this results from the destruction of hemoglobin

Back 541

urochrome

Front 542

The more concentrated the urine, the deeper the (1)

Back 542

yellow color

Front 543

The more (1)the urine is, the deeper the yellow color

Back 543

concentrated

Front 544

What does the urine smell like?

Back 544

aromatic

Front 545

NAME
this smells aromatic

Back 545

urine

Front 546

What is the pH of urine like?

Back 546

slightly acidic

Front 547

NAME
this is slightly acdic

Back 547

urine

Front 548

A diet containing large amounts of protien and whole wheat products will (1)

Back 548

turn urine acdic

Front 549

A diet containing (1) will turn acdic

Back 549

large amounts of protien and whole wheat products

Front 550

What can cause the urine to become alkaline? (3)

Back 550

(1)a vegetarian diet (2)prolonged vomiting (3)bacterial infection in the urinary tract

Front 551

NAME
this can be caused by a vegetarin diet, prolonged vomiting, and bacterial infection in the urinary tract

Back 551

a alkaline urine

Front 552

Which has a greater mass, a gallon of urine or distilled water?

Back 552

urine

Front 553

What is specfic gravity?

Back 553

is the term used to compare the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water

Front 554

NAME
is the term used to compare the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water

Back 554

specifc gravity

Front 555

What is the specific gravity of urine?

Back 555

about 1

Front 556

What is the specific gravity of distilled water?

Back 556

about 1

Front 557

Water accounts for about (1) of urine vol

Back 557

95%

Front 558

Solutes accounts for about (1)of urine vol

Back 558

5%

Front 559

How much does water account for in urine vol?

Back 559

95%

Front 560

How much does solutes account for the vol of urine?

Back 560

5 %

Front 561

What is the largest component of weight aprat from water?

Back 561

urea

Front 562

NAME
this is the largest component of urine by weight aside from water

Back 562

urea

Front 563

What are some nitrogenous wastes found in urine?

Back 563

(1)urea (2)uric acid (3)creatinine

Front 564

NAME
some of these include urea, uric acid, and creatinine

Back 564

nitrogenous wastes found in urine

Front 565

What is creatinine?

Back 565

is a metabolite of creatine phosphate which stores energy fo rthe regeneration of ATP and is found in large amounts in skeletal muscle tissues

Front 566

NAME
is a metabolite of creatine phosphate which stores energy for the regeneration of ATP and is found in large amounts in the skeletal muscle tissues

Back 566

creatinine

Front 567

What are the ureters?

Back 567

are slender tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Front 568

NAME
these are slender tubes that convery urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Back 568

ureters

Front 569

The ureters are (1)layred

Back 569

tri

Front 570

What does the urter do?

Back 570

it play an active role in transporting urine

Front 571

NAME
this plays an active role in transporting urine

Back 571

ureters

Front 572

What are kidney stones?

Back 572

refers to on occasion when Ca, magnesium. or uric acid salts in urine may crystalize and precipate in the renal pelvis

Front 573

NAME
this refers to when on occasion, when Ca, maganesium, or uric acid salts in urine may crysatlize and precipate in the renal pelvis

Back 573

kidney stones

Front 574

What are renal calculi?

Back 574

refesr to kidney stones

Front 575

NAME
this refers to kidneys stones

Back 575

renal calculi

Front 576

What is shock wave lithotripsy?

Back 576

refers to a noninavise procedure that ues ultrasonic shock waves to shatter the calculi

Front 577

NAME
this refesr to a noninavsive procedure that uses the ultrasonic shock waves to shatter the calculi

Back 577

lithotripsy

Front 578

What is the urinary bladder?

Back 578

is a smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily

Front 579

NAME
this is a smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily

Back 579

urinary bladder

Front 580

NAME
in men, this surrounds the bladder neck inferiorly

Back 580

the prostate gland

Front 581

The protate gland surroundst the (1) inferiorly

Back 581

bladder neck

Front 582

What is the trigone?

Back 582

refers to the smooth triagngular region of the bladder base outlined by three openings for both ureters and the urethra

Front 583

NAME
this refers to the smooth triangular region of the bladder base outlined by three opening for both ureters and the uretha

Back 583

trigone

Front 584

What are the three layers of the bladder (include the type of tissue for each layer? (3)

Back 584

(1)mucosa with transitional epthielia (2)a thick muscular layer (3)a fibrous adventita

Front 585

NAME
this has three layers: a mucosa containing transitional epithelioum, a thick muscular layer,and a fibrous adventitia

Back 585

bladder

Front 586

What is the muscular layer of the bladder called?

Back 586

the detrusor muscle

Front 587

What is the detrusor muscle?

Back 587

refers to the muscular layer that consists of intermingled smooth muslces fibers arranged in the inner and outer longitudinal layers and a middle circular layer

Front 588

NAME
this refers to the muscular layer that consists of intermingled smooth muslces fibers arranged in the inner and outer longitudinal layers and a middle circular layer

Back 588

detrusor muscle

Front 589

Why is the trigone clinically important?

Back 589

bc infections tend to persist in this region

Front 590

NAME
infections tend to persist in this regions

Back 590

trigone

Front 591

What does the bladder do when it is empty?

Back 591

is collapes into a basic pyramidal shape and its walls are thick and thrown into folds

Front 592

NAME
when the bladder does this, it collapses into a basic pyramidal shape and its walls are thick and thrown into folds

Back 592

when the bladder is empty

Front 593

What does the bladder do when urine accumulates?

Back 593

the bladder exapands, becoming pear shaped and rises superiorly in the abdominal cavity

Front 594

NAME
when the bladder does this, it expands becoming pear shape and rises superiorly in the abdominal caivty

Back 594

when the bladder accumulates urine

Front 595

What is the maximum capacity of the bladder?

Back 595

800-1000ml

Front 596

NAME
the maxium capacity of this is 800 to 1000 ml

Back 596

the bladder