Chapter 25 - Respiratory System

Front 1

Respiratory system

Back 1

Is responsible for drawing air into the lungs, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide. Lungs depend on cardiovascular system to activity process gas exchange.

Front 2

Respiration (definition)

Back 2

The exchange of gas between a person's external environment and the body's internal cells.

Front 3

Respiration (processes)

Back 3

There are 3 processes to respiration.

Ventilation, gas exchange, & oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation.

Air breathe is 21% O2 and 0.4% CO

Front 4

Respiratory system (functions)

Back 4

•oxygen - carbon dioxide exchange

•acid - base balance.

Helps regulate pH, & eliminate some water

•protection. Warms & moistens air before they reach lungs, mucus traps forgiven particles.

•speech production. Air passes vocal cord to produce sound.

Front 5

Upper respiratory tract

Back 5

Is the entrance to the conducting area of respiratory system. Consist of nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and trachea.

They serve as pathways for air to enter/exit lungs.

Front 6

Nares (nostrils)

Back 6

Air enter through either right or left external nostrils. If they become occluded, a person can breathe through mouth.

Front 7

Nasal septum

Back 7

A structure consisting of bone & cartilage, that divides the internal nose into 2 cavities.

Front 8

Sense of smell

Back 8

Nerve endings in the septum & nasal passages are responsible for smell.

Front 9

Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)

Back 9

Carries nerve impulses to the brain

Front 10

Mucous membrane

Back 10

Richly supplied with blood vessels, lines the nasal cavity. Blood vessels warm & moisten air before entering lungs.

Front 11

Cilia (tiny hair projections)

Back 11

Located at membrane of nostrils serves as a filter to the lungs.

Front 12

Sinuses

Back 12

4 cavities found on each side if nasal area (total of 8). They are lined with mucosa. When sinuses lighten the skull, it provides resonance for the voice.

Front 13

Frontal sinuses

Back 13

One of the largest sinuses. Located one on each side above eye socket

Front 14

Maxillary sinuses

Back 14

One of the largest sinuses. Located one on each side of the nose.

Front 15

Ethmoidal sinus

Back 15

Lie behind the eyes.

Front 16

Sphenoidal sinuses

Back 16

Lie on each side of the nasal cavity In the area of the orbit.

Front 17

Pharynx

Back 17

A tube shaped passage for air and food.

Front 18

Nasopharynx

Back 18

A section of the pharynx that extends from the nares to the uvula. It's a passageway for air only.

Front 19

Adenoids (pharynxgeal tonsils)

Back 19

In childhood, its contained in the nasopharynx, and assist the body in immune response.

Front 20

Oropharynx (throat)

Back 20

Part of the pharynx that extends from uvula to the epiglottis. Carries food to the esophagus and air to the trachea.

Front 21

Laryngopharynx

Back 21

Lowest portion of the pharynx. Extends from the epiglottis and divides into 2 separate passageways.

The larynx for air & esophagus for food.

Front 22

Larynx

Back 22

•Box like structure made of cartilage held together by ligaments.

• functions of cartilage here is to keep airways open at all time.

• serves as air passageway between pharynx & trachea.

Front 23

Thyroid cartilage

Back 23

AKA laryngeal prominence , or adams apple is the largest and most prominent cartilage.

Front 24

Tracheotomy

Back 24

Artificial opening either temporary or permanent into the trachea. Used in the event of a blocked airway

Front 25

Epiglottis

Back 25

A lid or cover of cartilage. Guards the entrance of the larynx. Automatically closes when swallowing.

Front 26

Vocal cords

Back 26

Are two thin, triangle shaoed reed like folds within the larynx. Size differnece in cords is reason for people's different voices.

Front 27

Vocal cords

Back 27

Are two thin, triangle shaoed reed like folds within the larynx. Size differnece in cords is reason for people's different voices.

Front 28

Trachea (windpipe)

Back 28

A tube approx. 4.5 inches long & 1 in in diameter. Consist of C-shaped hyaline cartilage & connective tissue. Extends from lower end of the larynx into the chest cavity behind heart.

The C-shaped rings keep it open at all times for air to flow

Front 29

Lower respiratory tract

Back 29

Consist of the bronchi and lungs

Front 30

Bronchi

Back 30

Are 2 smaller tubes as you enter the chest cavity. Right bronchi is smaller than left. Is encircled with smooth muscle.

Front 31

Hilum

Back 31

Small indented area where the bronchi enter the lungs and then Branch out

Front 32

Right bronchus

Back 32

This bronchi is shorter and straight making it more easily accessible or susceptible to aspiration of fluids or foreign material

Front 33

Bronchioles

Back 33

As bronchi become smaller, walls become thinner & amount of tissue decreases. They are lined with ciliated mucous membrane

Front 34

Alveolar ducts

Back 34

Stems like objects inside lung that stretch out of the bronchioles.

Front 35

Alveolar sacs

Back 35

Cluster of grapes. Lungs contain millions of them. They give lungs spongy appearance.

Front 36

Surfactant

Back 36

A chemical that lines the walls of the avioli. This helps prevent alveolar walls from collapsing. It's secreted by the great alveolar cells & mixture of phospholipids

Front 37

Lungs

Back 37

Are cone shaped & fill the chest cavity. These are the stations where oxygen is delivered & carbon dioxide is removed. They are divided into lobes. Right has 3, left has 2

Front 38

Apex (lung)

Back 38

The top of each triangular cone is called the apex

Front 39

Base (lung)

Back 39

The lower wider portion that fits over diaphragm.

Front 40

Cardiac notch (lung)

Back 40

Area in the lung that's much deeper and larger, located on the left due to portion of the heart

Front 41

Mediastinum

Back 41

Area lying between the lungs in the thorax

Front 42

Pleura

Back 42

A smooth, double layered sac of serous membrane contained in the lower respiratory tract. It allows lungs to move without causing pain or friction.

Front 43

Pleurisy

Back 43

Inflammation of the pleura causing a sticking pain while breathing. Caused by lung tumor, TB, or pneumonia.

Front 44

Ventilation (breathing)

Back 44

Mechanical process of respiration that moves air to and from the alveoli. It's divided into inspiration or exhalation. One cycle take about 2 sec. Adult usually have 12-20 a minute.

Front 45

Inspiration

Back 45

Breathing air in

Front 46

Expiration

Back 46

Breathing air out. Here the muscles of the chest wall and lungs relax

Front 47

Eupnea

Back 47

Normal respiration

Front 48

Dyspnea

Back 48

Difficulty breathing

Front 49

Diaphragm

Back 49

Dome shaped muscle separating the thoracic & abdominal cavities.its contacts & flattens to increase both pleura space and plural vaccum

Front 50

Intercostal muscles

Back 50

Are located between ribs; they contract to lift and spread the ribs during inhalation, adding vaccum

Front 51

Nursing note

Back 51

Any interruption in the closed cavity can be immediately life threatening because it disturbs the vaccum necessary for inspiration.

Front 52

Medulla ' respiratory center

Back 52

Automatically co troll the depth & rate of respiration without requiring a person conscious thought.

Front 53

Cerebral cortex

Back 53

Allows for some voluntary control over breathing when talking, singing, eating.

Front 54

Nurse note

Back 54

Carbon dioxide is the major regulator of respiration, not oxygen. Chemoreceptor in medulla stimulate muscle in response to CO2 levels

Front 55

External respiration

Back 55

Exchange of O2 for CO2 in the aveoli of the lungs

Front 56

Internal respiration

Back 56

Exchange of O2 for CO2 within the cell.

Front 57

Regulation of acid-base balance

Back 57

Respiratory help regulate pH. Respiratory and renal help to balance pH levels in body

Front 58

Coughing & sneezing

Back 58

Protective reflexes needed to dislodge materials from the respiratory passages.

Front 59

Effect of aging

Back 59

Organs in system lose elasticity. A decrease occurs in the # of alveoli and diffusion ability. Decrease strength in breathing, size of chest becomes smaller due to kyphosis