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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the indirect things that led to WWI?
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-division of great powers in the Triple Alliance/Entente
-rivalries with imperialism -growth in nationalism (in Austria, in Balkans, Irish in Britain, Poles in Russia) -weapon building, large armies, conscription -diplomacy based on brinkmanship (getting to a favorable dangerous situation to have the greatest advantage) -each nation only cared about themselves |
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Where was weapon building large?
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Germany and Britain
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Tell me about the person who killed Archduke Ferdinand
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he was a Bosnian activist, part of the Black Hand terrorist group
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Who created the Schleiffen Plan?
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the German genera staff with the help of General Alfred von Schleiffen
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Tell me about the plan
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• Based on a two-front war with France and Russia since they formed an alliance
• Minimal troop deployment against Russia • Most of German army would make a fast invasion of western France through neutral Belgium • Planned to quickly defeat French and then to go back and fight Russia |
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Tell me about Belgium with the Germans
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-King Albert of Belgium says no and puts up resistance - gives France some time to prepare for war
-the Germans did not expect interference from Belgium -when Germans went through it, cities were burned, things were looted, and things with cultural value were destroyed |
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What were the attitudes/thoughts of the people at the beginning of the war?
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-lots of enthusiasm
-thought the war would be over in a couple of weeks |
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Tell me all about the trenches
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-large systems of defense
-trenches on both sides separated by "no man's land" -deep, long, complex -bad conditions -lots of death and boredom |
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Tell me about the military plans and what happened?
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ordered masses of men to climb out of their trenches and make their way to enemy trenches and "go over the top" (take over the enemy's trench)
-didn't really work out that well - the soldiers in no man's land were victims to the machine guns |
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Tell me about the new technological weapon advancements
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-Germans use poison gas
-air planes start to show up, not as effective yet at bombing with accuracy -some tanks -Britain developed them, not very good -submarines - German invention - called U-boats - have torpedos |
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in the stalemate, there was high _____ and little _____ ______
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causality
territorial gain |
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Why were the German submarines not considered a noble way of fighting?
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other people do not see the enemy coming and the Germans did not rescue the enemies from their sunken ship
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Tell me the main difference between the war in the west and east
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west - trenches, not mobile
east - more mobile |
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What did the German victories in the battles of Tannenburg and Masurian lakes show?
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the good military reputations of Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff - the two main military leaders, them and military kind of controlled Germany
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Why did Italy changed to the Allied side?
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Italy thought they would gain more territory if the Allies won
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Why did Germany torpedo the Lusitania?
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thought it was smuggling in weapons/supplies for Britain
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What did the US entry into WWI give to the Allies?
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a psychological boost
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What does America send to help Europe?
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supplies and troops
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Tell me about the home front
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-conscription
-wartime gov's expanded powers over economies -centralization, planned economies direct by gov to mobilize the resources of the nations for war -food rationing -propaganda -censorship |
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What country had the best planned economy?
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Germany
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What did Walter Rathenau do?
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he organized the War Raw Materials Board in Germany to help the production of goods
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Germans were less successful with....
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the rationing of food
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Tell me about the planned economy in Britain
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David Lloyd George led the Ministry of Munitions that helped the production of supplies
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Planned economy in France
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-German occupation in north eastern France made it hard for organizing a total way economy
-Georges Clemenceau gave civilian control of total war gov -trenches took over places that made food/industry products |
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How did Austria-Hungary, Russia and Italy do for their planned economies?
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not very well
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What replaced enthusiasm?
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internal dissatisfication
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What was the Easter Uprising?
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violence erupted in Ireland when members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and Citizens Army occupied gov buildings in Dublin on Easter Sunday – British forces crushed the rebellion/condemned its leaders to death
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There were ....
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strikes
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A lot of internal opposition came from.....
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liberals and socialists
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What did the war gov's do to fight against opposition of war?
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military force, more police powers, censorship, propaganda to increase enthusiasm
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What country did not survive the stresses in 1917?
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Russia
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Tell me about the social impact of total war
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-an end to unemployment
-new roles for women - women did many jobs since men were off fighting -class leveler - all social classes had causalities in battle -people thought that they war would end class conflict/create a new community - did not happen |
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Tell me about the economic impact of the war
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-owners of large industries who made war supplies benefitted a lot
-inflation - full employment/high demand for scarce consumer goods |
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Only in ______ did the wages of workers overcome prices
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Britain
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Tell me about the political upheavals in Austria-Hungary
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-the regime tried to crush the nationalistic forces
-caused the full destruction of the Austro-Hungarian Empire -after war, the empire was replaced by the indep republics of Austria, Hungary, Czech and Yugo (a Slavic state) |
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Who was a part of/where was the peace settlement?
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delegates of the victorious Allies met in Paris
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at the peace settlement, they discovered that Europe had gone to war for ......
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territorial gains
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Tell me about Woodrow Wilson
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-American president
-he outlined the "Fourteen Points" -steps for a lasting peace -self-determination - people choose their own form of gov -wanted democracy -wanted to create a "League of Nations" to prevent future wars, keep a balance of power |
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Who was David Lloyd George and what did he want?
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prime minister of Britain - wanted to make the Germans pay for the war
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Who was Georges Clemenceau and what did he want?
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one of the leaders of France,
-demilitarized Germany -Germany to pair reparations for war, and a separate Rhineland as a buffer state between France and Germany |
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What was the Rhineland buffer state against?
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against Wilson's self-determination
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_____, ______ and _____ made the most important decisions, but _____ was included in the .....
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Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau
Italy (with Vittorio Orlando) Big Four Powers |
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What happened because of the fear of the spread of the Bolshevik rev?
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Allies strengthened/enlarged eastern European states like Poland, Czech and Romania at the expense of Germany/Russia
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Germany and Russia in the peace conference?
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Germany not invited, Russia could not go because of civil war
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What was adopted?
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principle of the League of Nations
-Clemenceau decided not to have a Rhineland but instead accepted a defensive alliance with Britain and US (both would help France if they were attacked) |
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Tell me about the Treaty of Versailles overall
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the final peace settlement of Paris - 5 separate treaties with the different defeated nations
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Name the 5 defeated Nations
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Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
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Treaty of Versailles with Germany
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- was the most important, Germans considered it to be a harsh peace
• Upset with the War Guilt Clause – declared Germany and Austria responsible for starting the war and ordered Germany to pay reparations for all the damage that happened to the Allied gov/their people • Germany had to reduce its army, cut back its navy and eliminate its armed forces • Lost Alsace and Lorraine to France and part of Prussia to the new Polish state • German land west/east of the Rhine was established as a demilitarized zone and was removed of weapons/army stuff/forts to be a barrier to any future German military moves westward toward France (occupied by France) -lost their imperialist colonies • German gov did not like the treaty |
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What did the Allies think of the peace treaty?
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they thought that they were being nice
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Who lost a lot of territory and what disappeared?
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Germany and Russia
Austro-Hungarian Empire |
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What new states emerged from these empires?
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Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech, Austria, Hungary,Yugo
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What happened to the Ottoman empire?
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it fell apart
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What did the US do?
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• U.S. did not join the League of Nations, U.S. Senate rejected Wilson’s defensive alliance with Britain/France – limited its direct involvement in future European wars
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Tell me about Rasputin
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a Siberian peasant, the tsarina thought that he was a holy man because only he seemed able to stop the bleeding of her hemophiliac son, Alexis
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What was the capital city in Russia? and what was it formerly called?
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Petrograd
St. Petersburg |
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What class did the women waiting for bread come from mainly?
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working class
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Tell me about the gov of the Duma
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-made of moderate cons democrats
-represented the middle class/aristocrats -liberal agenda - freedoms, liberties |
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Who led the provisional gov?
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Kerensky
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Tell me about the soviets
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(councils of workers/soldiers deputies) were another problem for the provisional gov; Represented the radical interests of lower classes/socialist
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What groups was the Marxist social democratic party divided into?
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the mensheviks and bolsheviks
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Mensheviks
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one of the groups in the marxist social democratic party
-okay with temporary democracy while they worked for a socialist state |
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Bolsheviks
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another group of the marxist social democratic party
-led by Lenin -they wanted to use violent revolution to destroy the capitalist system -for change |
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Tell me about Lenin
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-liked marxism
-he went to exile in Switz -with the assistance of the German High Command who wanted to create disorder in Russia, Lenin was shipped to Russia |
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Tell me about Lenin's "April Theses"
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plans for revolutionary action based on his own version of the Marxist theory
• Thought that Russia could move directly into socialism without middle class revolution • Said that soviets of soldiers, workers, peasants, were ready to get power • The Bolsheviks should work to gain control of the groups to overthrow the provisional gov |
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What were Lenin's main slogans for the Bolshevik program?
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“Peace, Land, Bread” “Worker Control of Production” and “All Power to the Soviets”
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After the part in the notes about the Lenin's slogans, what were the problems that the provisional gov faced?
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• Planned to give back land but many peasants already seized own land
• Petrograd soviet issued its Army Order No. 1 to all Russian military officers to replace their officers with elected rep’s of lower ranks of the army – led to fall of discipline/created chaos in military • Provisional gov tried to start a new military offensive, but the army dissolved b/c many peasant soldiers went home to seize lands |
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Tell me about Leon Trotsky
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a revolutionary and chairman of the Petrograd Soviet
-Trotsky had military power from the Military Revolutionary Committee - also in charge of foreign affairs |
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What were the Bolshevik's later called?
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the Communists
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How did the fact that the land was now nationalized make the peasants happy?
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because it ratified their seizure of land
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Who was happy as a result that the factories would be controlled by committees of workers?
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the urban workers
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Tell me about what happened to get Russia out of the war
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gov signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany and gave up Russian territory (Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Baltic provinces), Russians out of WWI
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How did Russia out of war affect Germany?
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Germany no longer had a 2 front war - easier to fight by focusing all troops on France
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What happened to the royal family?
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• Royal family taken into custody, moved to Siberia, members of the local soviet killed the tsar and his family and burned their bodies in a mine shaft
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What factors caused the weakness of the white army?
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disunity of anti-Communist forces
political differences, distrust |
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What helped the communists win?
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good fighting force, good discipline, Leon Trotsky led it well
-had a common goal for a new socialist order |
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What else did the communists use in war that helped them win?
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"war communism" - used to get supplies for the Red Army
-nationalization of banks/industries, ration food |
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Tell me about the police that the communists used
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• Also used “revolutionary terror” – a new Red secret police (the Cheka) replaced the old abolished tsarist secret police – destruction of people who opposed the regime – many people were executed – Red Terror added fear to the Bolshevik regime
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What did the Bolshevik program turn Russia into?
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bureaucratic, centralized state dominated by a single party, state was hostile to the Allied powers
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Socialist revolutionaries
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wanted to establish peasant socialism by taking over large estates/creating a rural democracy, also used political terrorism to accomplish their goals
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