Chapter 25: Amphibians

Front 1

Amphibian Movement on Land:
(3)
First? Includes?

Back 1

- most dramatic event in animal evolution was the movement from water to land
- insects and plants first
- includes tetrapods (4-footed vertebrates)
- 4 groups: reptiles, birds, amphibians, mammals

Front 2

Physical Differences Between Aquatic and Terrestrial Habitats:
(4)

Back 2

- oxygen content
- density
- temperature regulation
- habitat diversity

Hint 2

- oxygen is 20x more abundant in air and diffuses faster through air
- no buoyancy with air, have to fight gravity which requires stronger libs and skeleton
- much greater fluctuation in air temperatures, terrestrial amphibians are exposed to cycles of freezing, thawing, drying, and flooding (adap)
- more habitats to choose from (biomes); safer places to lay eggs

Front 3

terrestriality deffinition

Back 3

To be on land

Front 4

What allowed aquatics vertebrates to become terrestrial?

Back 4

Lungs and limbs

Front 5

Circulation?

Back 5

Double;
Types?

Hint 5

Systematic: oxygenated to body
separate from:
Pulmonary: deoxygenated to lungs

Front 6

Ancestor to amphibians:

Back 6

*Icthyostega*

Front 7

Class Amphibia:
(7)

Back 7

- "double life" or quasiterrestrial (part of life cycle in water and part on land)
- 1st vert. to move to land (with restrictions); still require water for fertilization
- bony skeleton; smooth, moist, thin skin used for respiration
- primitive lungs and gills (gills in larvae)
- ectothermic (poikilothermic): cold-blooded
- eggs jelly-like and need water (separate sexes)
- most sensitive to pollution because of thin skin

Front 8

Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertibrata includes:

Back 8

- Class Amphibia:
- Order Gymnophiona (caecilians)
- Order Caudata (sal. and newts)
- Order Anura (frogs and toads)

Front 9

Order Gymnophiona:
Contains? Means?
(7)
Location,description,diet, and reproduction

Back 9

- caecilians, "naked of a sake"
- found in tropical forests of SA (also Africa/ SE Asia)
- elongated, limbless, burrowing creatures
- eyes small and mostly blind as adults
- eat worms and small invertebrates
- most oviparous (lay eggs near water) and some viviparous
* guard eggs
- young obtain nourishment as embryos by eating wall of oviduct

Front 10

Order Caudata:
Contains? Means?
(5)
Location, size diet

Back 10

- salamanders and newts, means "having tail"
- tailed amphibians
- abundant in NA and temperate regions of world
- normally small (15 cm)
- carnivorous eating worms and small Arthropods (mostly only things that move)

Front 11

Breeding Behavior of Caudata:
(4)

Back 11

- some salamanders are entirely aquatic
- most are metamorphic: have aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults (live on moist places)
- internal fert. by spermatophore (sperm packet deposited by male)
- terrestrial species guard eggs

Front 12

American Newt:
(2)

Back 12

- most complex life cycle observed in Caudata
- aquatic larvae metamorphose to form terrestrial juveniles (red eft) that later metamorphose again to produce aquatic breeding adults

Front 13

Respiration in Caudata:
(3)

Back 13

- gills, lungs or both
- lungs present (become active after metamorphosis)
- totally aquatic: keep gills and fin-like tail
2 exceptions:

Hint 13

- Amphiumas: lose gills and breath by lungs; point nostrils above water surface to get air
- Plethodontidae family: entirely terrestrial but lack lungs; breath through skin and mouth (breathing through mouth called buccopharyngeal breathing)

Front 14

Paedomorphosis in Caudata:
Means?

Back 14

"child form"
- retention in adults features that were present in immature stages
Ex:
NECTURUS: mud puppies, nonmetamorphic, permanently gilled species
AMPHIUMA: never metamorphose
(2 genuses of salamanders)

Front 15

Order Anura:
Contains? Means?
(8)
Protection

Back 15

- frogs/toads, "without tail"
- most familiar amphibians
- specialized for jumping
- experience metamorphosis (tadpole>adult)
- secrete slippery mucous for defense
- can blow up (makes difficult to swallow)
- ability to leap and use of poison glands are their best protection
- amplexus: copulary embrace

Front 16

Amplexus Deffinition:

Back 16

Copulary embrace (male latches onto female)

Front 17

Froggie Facts:
(1)

Back 17

- only amphibians to have voice
- Family Bufonidae:
- Family Hylidae:
- Genus RANIDAE:
- *Rana pipiens*:
- *Rana catesbeiana*:
- *Conraua goliath* W. Africa, >30 cm long: eats big rats and ducks
- *Phyllobates limbatus*(1989 in Cuba)
- found in 2003 in India
- New Guinea male frog:
- lungless frog:

Hint 17

- true toads
- tree frogs
- most abundant frogs (Rana)
- leopard frog (dissect in bio.)
- largest Americam frog (bullfrog)
- largest anuran
- smallest frog
- purple frog
- carries babies
- newest species found in 2007 small Jaba the Hutt