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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 functions of the kidney?
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1. filters blood, allowing toxins, metabolic waste and excess ions to leave the body in urine
2. Regulates volume and chemical makeup of the blood 3. Maintains the proper balance between water and salts, and acids and bases |
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The renal function of the production of renin helps to
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regulate blood pressure and erythropoietin to stimulate RBS production
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Gluconeogenesis happens during
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prolonged fasting
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Renal function activates vitamin
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D
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This organ provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine
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Urinary bladder
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This organ transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder
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Paired ureters
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This organ transports urine from the bladder out of the body
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Urethra
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This organ lies in a retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region
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kidneys
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Why is the right kidney lower than the left?
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Because it is crowded by the liver
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The lateral surface of the kidney is
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convex
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The medial surface of the kidney is
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concave
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Ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and ext at the
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hilus
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Nephrons are structural and functional units that form urine, consisting of ____ and ____.
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glomerulus
glomerular (bowmans capsule) |
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A tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule
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Glomerulus
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Blind, cupshaped end of a renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus
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Glomerular (Bowmans capsule)
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The glomerulus and it's Bowman's capsule
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Renal corpuscle
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Fenestrated epitelium that allows solute-rich, virtually protein-free filtrate to pass from the blood into the glomerular capsule
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Glomerular endothelium
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Which layer of the glomerular capsule is the structural layer?
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External parietal layer
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This layer consists of modified, branching epithelial podocytes
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visceral layer
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Openings between the foot processes that allow filtrate to pass into the capsular space
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filtration slits
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composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria
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Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
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What is the function of the Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
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reabsorbs water and solutes back into the body
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A hairpin shaped loop of the renal tubule
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Loop of Henle
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This portion of the loop of henle has more secretion going on and less absorption
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asending (thick segment)
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This portion of the loop of henle has less secretion and more absorption
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Desending (thin segment)
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This tubule consists of cuboidal cells that function more in secretion than reabsorption
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Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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This portion of the distal convoluted tubule is nearer to the collecting ducts.
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Distal portion
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Two types of cells are found in the collecting tubules
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Intercalated cells
Principal cells |
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This cell type functions in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body & consists of cuboidal cells with microvilli
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intercalated cells
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This cell type helps maintain the body's water and salt balance and consists of cuboidal cells without microvilli
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principal cells
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These nephrons make up 85% and are located in the cortex
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Cortical nephrons
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This nephron is considered "special" and are located at the cortex-medulla junction; have loops of Henle that deeply invade the medulla; have extensive thin segments; they are also involved in the production of concentrated urine
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Juxtamedullary nephrons
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These are straight vessels, retrieving more water into blood
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vasa recta
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Every nephron has two capillary beds, what are called?
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glomerulus
peritubular capilaries |
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This is fed by an afferent arteriole and is drained by an efferent arteriole.
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the glomerulus
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T or F - Blood pressure in the glomerulus is low and inconsistant.
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False - blood pressure in the glomerulus is high and consistant.
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T or F - fluids and solutes are forced out of the blood throughout the entire length of the glomerulus.
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true
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This type of capillary bed are low-pressure, and arise from efferent arterioles
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Peritubular beds
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This type of capillary beds cling to adjacent renal tubules and empty into the renal venous system
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Peritubular beds
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Long, straight efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary nephron
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Vasa recta
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This is where the distal tubule lies against the afferent arteriole
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juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
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What type of cells are enlarged, smooth muscle cells, have secretory granules containing renin and act as mechanoreceptors?
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
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The JGA is knows as the -
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quality control center
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This part of the JGA, is tall, closely packed distal tubule cells that lie adjaccent to JG cells and function as chemoreceptors or osmoreceptors
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Macula densa
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These cells have phagocytic and contractile properties and influence capillary filtration
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Mesanglial cells
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Filter that lies between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule is the
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filtration membrane
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The filtration membrane is composed of what 3 layers?
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fenestrated endothelium
visceral membrane (podocytes) basement membrane |
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The kidneys filter the body's entrie plasma volume how many times per day?
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60
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The filtrate contains all plasma components except?
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protein
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This contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances
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urine
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What are the three major processes of urine formation
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glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption secretion |
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The glomerulus is more efficient than other capillary beds because
of what 3 reasons? |
filtration membrane is more permeable
glomerular blood pressure is higher has a higher net filtration pressure |
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Plasma proteins are not filtered and are used to maintain ____________.
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osmotic pressure of the blood
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This is responsible for filtrate formation
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Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
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NFP = ________ minus the __________ combined with the ______.
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glomerular hydrostatic pressure
oncotic pressure of glomerular blood capsular hydrostatic pressure NFP = HP - (OP + HP) |
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The total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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There are three factors the govern filtration rate at the capillary bed. They are-
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Total surface area available for filtration
Filtration membrane permeability Net filtration pressure |
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The (GFR) Glomerular filtration rate is directly proportional to the
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NFP
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Changes in the GFR normally result from changes in
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glomerular blood pressure
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What happens if the GFR is too high?
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substances cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost in the urine
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What happens if the GFR is too low?
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everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normaly disposed of. (you reabsorb too much)
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What 3 mechanisms control GFR?
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renal autoregulation (intrinsic system)
neural controls Hormonal mechanism (the renin-angiotensin system) |
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Under normal conditions, renal autoregulation maintains a nearly constant ___________ rate
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glomerular filtration
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Autoregularion entails what two types of control?
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myogenic
flow-dependent tubuloglomerular feedback |
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Responds to changes in pressure inthe renal blood vessels - smooth muscle cells - minipulating blood cells
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myogenic
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senses changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
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flow-dependent tubuloglomerular feedback
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Renal blood vessels are maximally dilated and autoregulation mechanisms prevail when this system is at rest.
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sympathetic nervious system (you get nervous and have to pee)
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Renin-angiotensin mechanism is triggered when the JG cells release _____.
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renin
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Renin acts on angiotensinogen to release ______.
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angiotensin I
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Angiotensin I causes mean arterial pressure to _____.
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rise
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When the mean arterial pressure rised this increases/decreased glomerular function.
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increases
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