Chapter 25

Front 1

Glycogenesis

Back 1

-Formation of glycogen from monosaccharides

-Occurs in muscle and liver cells

Front 2

Glycogenolysis

Back 2

Breaking down glycogen into monosaccharide subunuits

Front 3

Gluconeogenesis

Back 3

glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate sources like glycerol (from TG), lactic acid, and certain amino acids

- Occurs in the liver

Front 4

Lipogenesis

Back 4

Triglyceride synthesis which occurs when

glycogen stores are filled up

-Occurs in the liver, TG's are transported to

adipocytes

Front 5

Lipoprotein

Back 5

A water soluble molecule made up of protein

and lipid which transport in the blood

Front 6

Chylomicron

Back 6

Formed in mucosal cells of the small intestine,

which transports dietary lipid to hepatocytes

and adipocytes

Front 7

Very low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

Back 7

Formed in hepatocytes. Have a low protein

content. A key function of VLDL's is to

transport triglycerides to adipocytes for storage, and to muscle for ATP production. Become LDL's

after depositing TG in adipocytes.

Front 8

Low- Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Back 8

-These are approx. 50% cholesterol. These deliver cholesterol and other lipids to body cells (for cell membrane repair, hormone production, bile salts production)

-Excess LDLs are deposited in arteries forming atherosclerotic plaques

- Known as "Bad Cholesterol"

Front 9

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Back 9

-Have a high protein content. these remove

excess cholesterol from cells then transport it to the liver

-Known as "good Cholesterol"

Front 10

Lipid Catabolism

Back 10

Adipocytes store triglycerides that make up 98% of the body's energy reserve

Front 11

Lipolysis

Back 11

-The breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and cholesterol.

- Glycerol is incorporated into glycolysis

Front 12

Beta Oxidation

Back 12

-Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria, two carbons are removed at a time then attached to coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA. This is fed into the Krebs cycle.

-In hepatocytes, two Acetyl CoA molecules can combine which leads to the formation of ketone bodies. These ketone bodies can diffuse into the blood stream. other cells can use these (by forming Acetyl CoA) in the Krebs cycle

Front 13

Ketosis

Back 13

Increased ketone bodies in the blood, cause by excessive beta oxidation.

Front 14

Diabetes Mellitus

Back 14

-A group of disorders associated with the ability to produce or use insulin

-Leads to high blood glucose, and possible

glycosuria

-Causes Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia

-With no insulin to get glucose into cells, the cells rely on beta oxidation for energy.

-Ketosis follows which leads to Ketoacidosis of the blood (lowered ph.).