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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Sporophyte
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-Alternation of generations
Dominant in flowering plants |
Sp_r_ph_ _e
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Gametophyte
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Haploid or n
Produces gametes |
G_ _ _t_ph_ _e
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pollen grain , male gametophyte
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Microscopre undergoes mitosis and becomes
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p_l_ _n gr_ _n,
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embryo sac , female gametophyte
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Megaspore undergoes mitosis to become ___ ___, ___ ___
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e_b_y_ s_ _, f_m_l_
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2n sporophyte
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Upon fertilization, cycle returns to ___ ___
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_n sp_r_ph_ _e
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embryo, ovule
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Once sperm fertilizes egg, zygote becomes ___, still within ___
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seed, food |
Ovule develops into ___, which contains embryo and stored ___ surrounded by seed coat
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fruit, seeds
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Ovary becomes ___, which aids in dispersing ___
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fr_ _t, s_ _ds
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germinates, sporophyte, mitosis, growth
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When seed ___, new ___ emerges and, through ___ and ___, becomes mature organism
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g_ _m_n_t_ _, sp_r_ph_ _e, m_t_s_s, gr_ _ _h
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*spores, gametophyte, pollinator, fruits
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Flowers are unique to angiosperms
*Produce ___, protect ___, attract ___, produce ___ |
sp_r_s, g_ _ _t_ph_ _e, p_ _ l _ n _ t _ _, fr_ _t_ |
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whorls, receptacle
1. Sepals 2. Petals – corolla 3. Stamens – anther and filament 4. Carpel – stigma, style and ovary |
Typical flower
-Four ___ of modified leaves attached to ___ at end of stalk (peduncle): 1. ___ –protect bud 2. ___ –___ 3.___ –___ and ___ 4.___ –___ , ___ and ___ |
w_ _rls, r_c_pt_b_ _ 1. S_p_ _s 2. P_t_ _ _ – c_r_l_a 3. St_m_ _ _ – a_th_r and f_l_m_ _ _ 4. C_ _p_ _– st_ _m_, st_l_ and _v_r_ |
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protected
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Large part of adaptation to life on land is protecting all stages of life cycle from drying out
*Gametophyte and embryo ___ |
pr_t_ _t _ _
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dominant gametophyte
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Bryophytes have ___ ___
-Sperm must swim to egg |
d_m_n_ _ _ g_ _ _t_p_ _ _ _ |
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dominant sporophyte
independent |
Ferns have ___ ___
-Gametophyte is ___ -Sperm must also swim to egg |
d_m_n_ _ _ s_ _r_ p _ _ _ _
i_d_p_ _d_ _ _ |
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spores, gametophytes
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Seed plants
-Production of two types of ___ and two types of ___ |
sp_ _ es, g_ _ _ t_ p_ _ _ _ _
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1. pollen grains
2. embryo sac
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Sexual reproduction involves:
1.Production of ___ ___ (male gametophytes) in anthers of stamens 2.Production of ___ ___ (female gametophyte) in ovule located within ovary of carpel |
p_ _l _ _ gr_ _ n s 2. e_b_y_ s _ _ |
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*Self, cross *animals |
Pollination
-Pollen transferred from anther to stigma so egg within female gametophyte is fertilized * ___- pollination vs. ___-pollination *Most angiosperms use ___ to carry out pollination |
*S_ _ f, cr_ _s * an_m_ _ _ |
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Double fertilization *zygote, *Endosperm |
___ ___ is unique in angiosperms *Results in not only ___, but also food source for developing zygote *___–nutritive tissue developing embryonic sporophyte uses as energy source |
D_ _b_ _ f_ _t_l_z_t_ _ _ *z_g_ _ _ *E_d_sp _ _ _ |
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Mature 1. Embryo 2. Stored food - endosperm Cotyledons - endosperm 3. Seed coat |
___ seed contains: 1.___ 2.___ ___ – ___ ___ – seed leaves take up ___ in eudicots 3.Seed coat –develops from ovule wall |
M_t_ r _ 1. E_b_ _ o 2. St_r_d f_ _ d - e_d_sp_ _m C_t_l_d_ _s - e_d_sp_ _m 3. S_ _ d c_ _ t |
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Fruit, ovary
*disperse |
___ derived from an ___ and sometimes other flower parts
*Protects and helps ___ next 2n sporophyte generation |
Fr_ _ t, _v_r_ *d_ _p_r_e |
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ovary wall, pericarp * encircle 1. Exocarp 2. Mesocarp 3. Endocarp |
As fruit develops, ___ ___ thickens to become ___
*Layers that ___ seed: 1.___ 2.___ 3.___ |
o_v_r_ w_ _l, p_r_c_ _ p |
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*Dry fruits - *Dehiscent *Indehiscent |
*Fleshy versus dry fruits.
*___ fruits –dry at maturity *___ –splits open to release seeds *___ –does not split open *Not just a seed |
*D_y *D_h_s_e_t *I_d_h_s_e_t |
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Fleshy *various, pericarp, mesocarp *Stone, drupe, endocarp |
___ fruit
*Flesh from ___ sources ___, ___ *___ fruit or ___ has hard ___ |
F_es_y *v_r_o_s, p_r_c_ _p, m_s_c_ _p *S_o_e, d_u_e, e_d_c_r_ |
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Simple, aggregate, multiple *Simple, simple, single, compound, several fused *Accessory |
Simple versus aggregate and multiple fruits *Simple fruits are derived from simple ovary of single carpel, or from compound ovary of several fused carpels *Accessory fruits form from other flower parts in addition to ovary |
S_ _p_e, ag_ _ _g_t_, m_lt_p_e *S_ _p_e, s_ _p_e, s_ _g_e, c_ _p_ _nd, s_v_r_l f_ _ed *A_c_s_ _r_ |
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Aggregate, multiple, compund, several individual *Strawberry - aggregate, each, one-seeded *Pineapple - multiple, many individual, own |
*Aggregate fruits and multiplefruits are examples of compound fruits derived from several individual ovaries
*Strawberry –aggregate fruit, each ovary becomes one-seeded fruit *Pineapple –multiple fruit derived from many individual flowers, each with own carpel |
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Germination, seedling
*sufficient, sustain *dormancy, no, favorable *temperate, cold, dormancy |
___ –seed forms into ___
*Requires ___ water, warmth, and oxygen to ___ growth *Seed ___ is time during which ___ growth occurs, even though conditions may be ___ *In ___ zone, seeds often are exposed to period of ___ before ___ is broken |
G_ _m_n_t _ _ n, s_ _ dl_ _ _ *s_ _f_c_ _ _ _, s_ _t_ _n *d_ _m_ _c_, n_, f_v_r_b_ _ *t_ _p_r_t_ _ _, c_ _d, d_ _m_ _c_ |
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*identical, single |
Asexual reproduction
*Production of an offspring ___ to ___ parent |
*_d_ _t_c_l, s_ _g_e |
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axiliary, above, under *Stolon - above, horizontal *Rhizome - under, horizontal *Tuber - enlarged, rhizome *Corm - bulbous underground * modified |
Plants can grow from ___ buds of ___ground or ___ground stems
*___ – ___ground ___ stem *___ – ___ground ___ stem *___ –___ portion of ___ *___ –___ ___ground stem *Not a bulb –structure composed of ___ leaves |
ax_l_ _ry, _b_v_, _nd_r *St_l_n - *Rh_z_m_- _nd_r, h_r_z_ _t_l *T_b_r - e_l_rg_d, rh_z_m_ *C_ _m |
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*artificial, solid, medium *totipotent,entire |
Tissue culture
*Growth of tissue in ___ liquid or ___ culture ___ *Many plant cells are ___ –each plant cell has genetic capability of becoming ___ plant |
*a_t_f_c_ _l, s_l_d, m_d_u_ *t_t_p_t_ _t, e_t_r_ |
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1.Somatic embryogenesis - hormones 2. Meristem tissue - 3. Anther tissue - plantlets, chromosomal, chemically |
Methods:
1.___ ___ –uses ___ to cause plant tissues to generate small masses of cells 2. ___ ___ culture –many new shoot tips from single shoot tip 3.___ ___ culture –produces haploid ___ or ___ doubling is ___ induced |
1. S_m_t_c _mb_y_g_n_s_s 2. M_r_st_ _ t_s_ _e 3. A_th_ _ t_s_ _e - pl_ _tl_ _s, chr_m_s_m_ _, ch_m_c_ _ly |
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Cell suspension *extract, high, over-collect, |
___ ___ culture
*Allows scientists to ___ chemicals (i.e., secondary metabolites) from plant cells in high concentrations and without having to ___-___ wild-type plants growing in natural environments |
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chemicals *quinine, malaria |
Cells produce same ___ as entire plant produces
*Cell suspension cultures of Cinchona ledgeriana produce ___, used to treat ___ |
ch_m_c_ _s *q_ _n_n_, m_l_r_a |
