Chapter 25

Front 1

three emperor's league

Back 1

an alliance between the german empire, the russian empire, and austria-hungary

Front 2

russo-turkish war

Back 2

conflict between the ottoman empire and the eastern orthodox coalition lead by the russian emipre

Front 3

treaty of san stefano

Back 3

peace treaty between russia and the ottoman empire, at the conclusion of the last of the russo-turkish war

Front 4

jingloism

Back 4

extreme patriotism, agressive or warlike

Front 5

congress of berlin

Back 5

meeting of representatives of the great powers, aiming at determining the territories of the states in the balkan penninsula

Front 6

dual alliance

Back 6

defense alliance between germany and austria-hungary, created as part of bismarck's system of alliances to prevent war

Front 7

triple alliance

Back 7

a secret agreement between germany, austria-hungary, and italy formed on may 20 1882

Front 8

reinsurance treaty

Back 8

a secret agreement between germany and russia arranged by bismarck

Front 9

kaiser wilhelm ii

Back 9

the last german emperor and king of russia

Front 10

franco russian alliance

Back 10

an alliance formed by the agreements of 1891-93

Front 11

alfred von tirpitz

Back 11

german grobradmiral, secretary of the german imperial navy office

Front 12

boer war (1880)

Back 12

first clash between the british and then transvaal boers

Front 13

young turks

Back 13

a coalition of various groups favoring the reformation of the administration of the ottoman empire

Front 14

bonsnian crisis

Back 14

austria annexed bosnia and herzegovina angering the serbs and russians, william ii forced russia to accept annexes or face war with germany

Front 15

balkan wars

Back 15

two conflicts that took place in balkan penninsula, four balkan states defeated the ottoman empire

Front 16

second moroccan crisis

Back 16

germany attempted to test the entente coridale by aiding the sultan in a bid for moroccan independence

Front 17

sarajevo

Back 17

capital of bosnia and herzgovnia, compact city on the miljacka river, surrounded by dinaric alps

Front 18

francis ferdinand

Back 18

archduke of austria-este, austro-hungarian, and royal prince of hungary and of bohemia

Front 19

t.e. lawrence

Back 19

british military officer liaison role during the sinai and palenstine campaign and the arab revolt against ottoman empire

Front 20

western front

Back 20

the main theater of war during ww1

Front 21

battle of verdun

Back 21

one of the largest battles of ww1 on the western front between the german and french armies

Front 22

battle of the somme

Back 22

one of the bloodiest military battles in history, the allies and central powers lost 1.5 million men

Front 23

lusitania

Back 23

british ocean liner, briefly the world's largest passenger ship

Front 24

woodrow wilson

Back 24

28th president of USA, known for ww1 leadership

Front 25

black hand

Back 25

secret serbian society that used terrorist methods to promote the liberation of the serbs outside serbia

Front 26

blank check

Back 26

promise of support from germany to austria-hungary after ferdinand's assassination

Front 27

schlieffen plan

Back 27

strategic plan for victory avoiding a two front war

Front 28

the great war

Back 28

a global war centered in europe, included the USA, ottoman empire, belgium, hungary, thailand, germany, russia, great britain, japan, italy, etc

Front 29

the allies

Back 29

the countries that opposed the central powers

Front 30

the central powers

Back 30

germany, austria-hungary, the ottoman empire, and bulgaria, it was one of the main factors during ww1

Front 31

helmuth von moltke

Back 31

the chief of the staff of the prussian army for 30 years, creator of new modern methods of directory armies

Front 32

battle of the marne

Back 32

first world war battle, resulted in an allied victory against the german army

Front 33

battle of tannenberg

Back 33

fought between russia and germany during the first month of ww1, destruction of russian second army

Front 34

14 points

Back 34

idealistic principles including self-determination for nationalities, open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, disarmament, and the establishment of the league of Nations to keep the peace

Front 35

treaty of versailles

Back 35

formal treaty of the war, ended the war between germany and the allied powers, signed 5 years after assassination of ferdidnand

Front 36

the big four

Back 36

britain, france, USA, and italy.. representatives at treaty of versailles

Front 37

the spartacus group

Back 37

communist uprising and had to be supressed in berlin

Front 38

league of nations

Back 38

body of sovereign states that agreed to pursue common policies and to consult in the common interest, refusal to obey their laws, justify economic sanctions and even military inventions by the league

Front 39

alsace-lorraine

Back 39

area of land that france recieved as part of the treaty of versailles

Front 40

balfour declaration

Back 40

the british seemed to accept zionist ideology and promised the jews a national home in palestine

Front 41

rhineland

Back 41

the french wanted to set rhineland up as a seperate buffer state

Front 42

clause 231

Back 42

germany accepts all financial responsibility for the war to the allies

Front 43

the economic consequences of the peace by john maynard keynes

Back 43

the most influential critic of the treaty of versailles, british economist, attack on the economic aspects of peace