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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a nutrient?
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a substance in food by body to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair
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how do we need to get essential nutrients?
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cannot be made by body and must be supplied in diet
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what are the 3 major nutrients?others include?
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carbohydrates, lipids, protiens
-others(vitamins and minerals) |
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metabolism?
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biochemical reactions of body--necessary for life
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anabolism is ____
catabolism is ____ |
synthetic
degradative |
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oxidation=?
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occurs via the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
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-oxidized substance looses what?
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electrons
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whenever one substance loses electrons(is oxidized), another substance ___ them(is reduced)
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gains
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therefore oxidation and reduction are said to be "___"?
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coupled
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food fuels oxidized, energy transferred ultimately to __ to form __
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ADP to form ATP
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enzymes catalyzing oxidation-reduction reactions by removing hydrogen called ___?
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dehydrogenases
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enzymes catalyzing transfer of oxygen called___?
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oxidases
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most enzymes require what?ex?
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a coenzyme
-NAD+ derived from niacin and FAD derived from riboflavin -acts as a hydrogen/electron acceptor |
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what is substrate-level phosphorylation?
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high-energy phosphate group transferred directly from phosphorylated substate to ADP
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most of the energy that goes into ATP captured this way?
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oxidative phosphorylation
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in oxidative phosphorylation: energy gained by oxidizing food products is used to pump __ across membrane.
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hydrogen
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-___created
-when___moves back -across membrane down gradient, a __ __ is added to ___ |
-gradient
-hydrogen; phosphate group, ADP |
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kidneys filter how much fluid from the bloodstream every day?
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200 L
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what types of things leave through the urine?
needed substances return to blood!! |
toxins, metabolic wastes, excess ions
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the kidneys are a major __ organ
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excretory
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kidneys also have an endocrine gland function for--
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renin and erythropoietin
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the kidneys metabolize what to its active form?
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vitamin D
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the urinary system also includes?
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urinary bladder for storage
paired ureters and urethra for transportation |
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define pyelitis?
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infection of renal pelvis and calyces
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define pyelonephritis?
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infection affecting entire kidney
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the kidney's blood supply comes from the aorta following several arteries down to the __ artery to the __ __ to the glomerulus(capillaries) then back to the inferior vena cava starting with the __ __ to the __ __ and __ __ and back through other veins
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interlobular artery--afferent arteriole---efferent arteriole--peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
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kidneys process about how much blood derived fluid/day?
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180 L
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how much leaves the body as urine?
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1.5L
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urine contains mostly what?
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metabolic wastes, unneeded substances
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