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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Edwin Chadwick
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A Benthamite, or follower of Jeremy Bentham, who thought that public problems should be dealt with on a scientific and rational basis: the greatest good for the greatest number of people...Chadwick thought that disease and death caused poverty, which could be prevented if the urban environment was cleaned up ....made a detailed report from Poor Law officials on sanitation
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Great Britain's first public health law
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Chadwick's report was the basis of it; created a national health board and gave cities broad authority to build modern sanitary systems
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Miasmatic Theory of disease
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the belief that people contract disease when they breathe the bad odors of decay and putrefying excrement
--This idea was weakened when it was suggested that contagion was SPREAD THROUGH filth and not caused by it |
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Louis Pasteur
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Developed the germ theory which said that specific diseases was caused by specific living organisms called germs, which could be controlled in people
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Pasteurization
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Suppressing the activity of organisms by heating
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Robert Koch
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A German who developed pure cultured of harmful bacteria and described their life cycles----led to an increase in effective vaccines
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Joseph Lister
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Found the connection between aerial bacteria and the problem of wound infection...created the antiseptic principle: led to use of more sterilizing and disinfectants
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Napoleon III
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With him, France took the lead of urban planning in Europe...wanted to go above class conflict and promote the welfare of his subjects with government action...wanted to rebuild Paris for more employment, improved living conditions, and prove the glory of the empire
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Georges Haussmann
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Helped Napoleon III transform Paris...an authoritarian planner...cut broad, straight, tree-lined boulevards which permitted traffic to flow freely...led to better housing, more parks, improved sewers, aqueduct system, stimulated modern urbanism --new zoning expropriation law, more public transportation
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My Secret Life
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by someone anonymous. very horny and sexual book. reveals the dark side of sex and class in urban society--sexual exploitation
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Separate spheres of husbands and wives
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wives: the mothers and homemakers
husbands: the wage earner --women were faced with injustice economically |
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Franziska Tiburtius
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A woman who went into medicine and concentrated on treatments for the poor.
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Gustave Droz
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His Mr., Mrs., and Baby was a bestseller and saw love within marriages as the key to human happiness
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Feodor Dostoevski
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His The Brothers Karamazov tells a story of 4 sons who murder their father
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Sigmund Freud
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Austrian founder of psychoanalysis
--formulated an analysis of the explosive dynamics of the family (esp. middle class family) --said that hysteria came from bitter childhood experiences --said that a lot of human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs which are kept away from consciousness by DEFENSE MECHANISMS--repressive and controlling |
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Thermodynamics
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Investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy-->Law of conservation of energy was a part of this
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Dmitri Mendeleev
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Created the periodic law and periodic table
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Michael Faraday
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Discoveries in electromagnetism which led to inventions of the telegraph, electric motor, electric light, and electric streetcar
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Social scientists
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Analyzed statistics and facts to test theories--tried to apply study of science to the study of society
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Auguste Comte
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Wrote System of Positive Philosophy--postulated that all intellectual activity progresses through predictable stages
--thought that the explanation of cosmic patterns came from the will of God to nature to unchanging laws |
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Positivist Method
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Applying the scientific method
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Charles Lyell
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Evolution of the earth, basically
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck
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Said that all forms of life had arisen through a long process of continuous adjustment to the environment
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Charles Darwin
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All life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin in an unending struggle for survival
--On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection |
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Herbert Spencer
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Applied theory of biological evolution to human affairs
--Saw the human race as driven forward to ever greater specialization and progress by the brutal economic struggle --Determined the survival of the fittest --A Social Darwinist |
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Emile Zola
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A realist and strict determinist
--Germinal --sympathized with socialism |
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Realism
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Depicted life exactly how it was, focused on powers of observation, on the working classes, looked at many taboo subjects
--Movement began in France |
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Honoré de Balzac
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The Human Comedy--portrays characters from all classes of society
--pictures society as grasping, brutal, characterizes by a Darwinian struggle for wealth and power --Le Pere Goriot |
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Gustave Flaubert
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Madame Bovary
--tell the ordinary story of a middle class housewife who has a love affair and is betrayed -->portrays the middle class as smug, petty, and hypocritical |
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Mary Ann Evans or George Eliot
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Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life--examines the ways in which people are shaped by their social medium as well as their own inner strivings, conflicts, and moral choices
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Thomas Hardy
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Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Return of the Native
--depict men and women as frustrated and crushed by fate and bad luck |
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Count Leo Tolstoy
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War and Peace
--Combined realism in description and characters with atypical moralizing --About Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia --fatalistic theory of history |
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Theodore Dreiser
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Sister Carrie
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