Chapter 24 Body Water

Front 1

Three types of homeostatic balance:

Back 1

water, electrolyte, acid-base balance

Front 2

water balance:

Back 2

average daily water intake and loss are equal

Front 3

electrolyte balance:

Back 3

amount of electrolytes absorbed by the small intestine balance with the amount lost from the body, usually in urine

Front 4

acid-base balance:

Back 4

body rids itself of acid (hydrogen ion H+) at a rate that balances metabolic production

Front 5

balances are maintained by:

Back 5

urinary, respiratory, digestive, integumentary, endocrine, nervous, cardivascular, and lymphatic systems

Front 6

ICF makes up ___% of fluid compartments:

Back 6

65%

Front 7

ECF makes up __% of fluid compartment:

Back 7

35%

Front 8

The most abundant solute particles are: (2 of them)

Back 8

sodium salts in ECF
pottassium salts in ICF

Front 9

Electrolytes role:

Back 9

governing the body's water distribution and total wate content.

Front 10

fluid balance:

Back 10

when daily gains and losses are equal
2,500 mL a day

Front 11

fluid gain comes from:

Back 11

performed water
metabolic water

Front 12

performed water:

Back 12

ingested in food and drink (2,300 mL a day)

Front 13

metabolic water:

Back 13

by-product of aerobic metabolism and dehydration synthesis
(200 mL a day)

Front 14

sensbile water loss found in:

Back 14

urine, feces, sweat

Front 15

insensible water loss found in:

Back 15

expired breath, cutaneous transpiration, diffuses through epidermis

Front 16

obligatory water loss:

Back 16

output that is unavoidable
-expired air, cutaneous transpiration, sweat, fecal moisture, urine output

Front 17

What governs fluid intake:

Back 17

thirst

Front 18

dehydration:

Back 18

reduces blood volume and blood pressure
increase blood osmolarity

Front 19

osmoreceptors:

Back 19

in hypthalamus
-communicate with hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex
-produce ADH through hypothalamus

Front 20

sense of thirst is produced by:

Back 20

cerebral cortex

Front 21

long term inhibition of thirst:

Back 21

absorption of water from small intestine
-reduces blood osmolarity
-stops osmoreceptor response

Front 22

short term inhibtion of thirst:

Back 22

cooling and moistening of mouth quenches thirst
-distension of stomach and small intestine

Front 23

fluid deficiency:

Back 23

fluid output excessed intake over long period of time
-hypovolemia
-dehydration

Front 24

volume depletion (hypovolemia):

Back 24

total body water declines but osmolarity remains normal
-hemorrhage, sever burns, chronic vomiting, or diarrhea

Front 25

dehydration (negative water balance)

Back 25

body eliminates more water then sodium
-body water declines, osmolarity rises
-lack of drinking water, diabetes, ADH hypersecretion

Front 26

fluid deficiency serious effects:

Back 26

circulatory shock due to loss of blood volume
neurological dysfunction due to dehydration of brain cells
infant mortality from diarrhea

Front 27

fluid excess:

Back 27

less common then fluid diffiency due to kidneys being effective in compensating for excessive intake by excreting more urine

Front 28

volume excess:

Back 28

both water and sodium retains
ECF remains isotonic
caused by renal failure

Front 29

hypotonic hydration (positive water balance)

Back 29

more water than sodium retained or ingested
-ECF becomes hypotonic
-cellular swlling, edema

Front 30

fluid sequestation:

Back 30

condition which excess fluid accumulates in a partcular location

Front 31

Fluid sequestation forms:

Back 31

edema (most common)
hemorrhage
pleural effusion

Front 32

pleural effusion:

Back 32

fluid can accumulate in pleural cavity
-caused by lung infections

Front 33

Functions of electrolytes:

Back 33

-metabolisim
-determine electrical potential across cell membranes
-strongly affect osmolarity of body fluids
-affects bodys water content and distribution

Front 34

major cations:

Back 34

-na
-k
-ca
-h

Front 35

major anions:

Back 35

-cl
-HCO3 (bicarbonate)
-PO4

Front 36

Diffrences between electrolyte concentrations of blood plasma and ICF are?:

Back 36

great differences

Front 37

Sodium functions:

Back 37

-principal cation in ECF
-cotransport of other solutes
-NA-K pump
-buffering pH

Front 38

Sodium concentration is coordinated by:

Back 38

aldosterone

Front 39

aldosterone:

Back 39

salt retaining hormone

Front 40

sodium imbalances:

Back 40

hypernatremia
hyponatremia

Front 41

hypernatremia:

Back 41

plasma sodium concentration >145
-iv saline
-water pretension, edema,hypertension

Front 42

hypotremia:

Back 42

plasma sodium concentration <130mEq/L
-loose sweat or urine replacing with plain drinking water
-excess body water, corrected by excretion of excess water

Front 43

Potassium Functions:

Back 43

-most abundent cation of ICF
-greateset determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cell volume
-produces resting membrane potential (with sodium)
-NA-K pump
-essential cofactor for protein synthesis

Front 44

Potassium homeostatsis is linked close with:

Back 44

that of sodium

Front 45

___% of K in glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by ____

Back 45

90%
PCT

Front 46

DCT and CD secrete K in response to:

Back 46

blood levelts

Front 47

Aldosterone stimulates renals secretion of:

Back 47

Pottassium

Front 48

potassium imbalances:

Back 48

hyperkalemia
hypokalamia

Front 49

hyperkalemia:

Back 49

>5.5mEq/L
-concentration rises quickly (crush injury) sudden increase in extracellular K makes nerve and muscle cells abnormally exciateble
-cardiac arrest

Front 50

hypokalamia:

Back 50

>3.5 mEq/L
-from sweating, chronic vomiting, diarrhea
-nerve andm muscle cells less excitable (weakness, tone, decreased reflexes, arrhythmias)

Front 51

Chloride Functions:

Back 51

-abundent in anions in ECF
-required for formation of stomach acid
-chloride shift that accompanies CO2 loading and unloading RBCs
-major role in regulating body pH

Front 52

hyperchloremia:

Back 52

result of dietary excess of administration of IV saline

Front 53

hypochloremia:

Back 53

side effect of hyponatremia

Front 54

Calcium functions:

Back 54

-strength in skeleton
-activates sliding filament mechnasm
-serves second messanger for hormones and NTMs
-activates exocytosis of neurotransmitters and cellular secretions
-blood clotting

Front 55

calcium homeostatsis regulated by:

Back 55

-PTH
-calcitril
-calcitonin

-affect bone deposition and resorption
-intestinal absorption and urinary excretion

Front 56

hypercalcemia:

Back 56

>5.8 mEq/L
-alkalosis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism
-reduces Na permeabitliy
-inhibits depolarization of nerve and muscle cells
->12 causes muscular weakness, arrythmias, depressed reflexes

Front 57

hypocalcemia:

Back 57

<4.5
-vitamin D def., diahrrhea, preg, acidosis, lacatation, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism
-increase na perm
-causes nervous and muscular systems to be abnorm. excit
-low levels result in tetanus, laryngospasm, death

Front 58

Renal control of pH:

Back 58

-most powerful (slow response)
-renal tubules secrete H into tubular fluid then excreeted in urine

Front 59

Alkalosis:

Back 59

H diffuses out of cell, K diffuses in, membrane depolarized, nerves overstimulate causing spasms, tetany, convulsions, respiratory paralysis

Front 60

Acidosis:

Back 60

-H diffuses in, drives K out of cell, elevating K concentration in ECF
-muscle cells hard to stimulate