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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Maxillofacial Injury Causes
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MVC
Home Injuries Atheletic Injuries Animal Bites Intentional Violent Acts Industrial Injuries |
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Maxillofacial Injuries may include
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Soft Tissue Injuries
Facial Fractures |
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Two significant facts about Maxillofacial Injuries
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Appear to be serious
Seldom life threatening |
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Concerns with Maxillofacial injuries
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Compromised upper airway
Potential for heavy bleeding |
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The history of a patient presenting with Maxillofacial injuries should include
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MOI
Events leading up to the injury Time of the injury Associated medical problems Allergies Medications Last Oral Intake |
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The key principles of woulnd management of a patient presenting with Maxillofacial injuries should include
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Control the bleeding with direct pressure
Pressure bandage Spinal immobilization Asses airway for obstructions Suction Consider airway adjuncts |
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Facial fractures are common after what type of trauma
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Blunt trauma
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Signs and Symptoms of Facial fractures are
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Asymmetry of cheek bones
Crepitus Dental malooclusion Discontinuity of orbital rim Displacement of Septum Ecchymosis Lacerations and bleeding Limitation of forward movement of the manible Limited ocular movement Numbness pain Swelling Visual Disturbances |
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The middle third of the face includes
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Maxilla
Zygoma floor of the Orbit Nose |
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The name of the fractures found in a 1901 cadaver study
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Le Fort Fractures I - III
(occur in the midface region) |
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Le Fort I Fractures
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Maxilla up to the level of the nasal fossa
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Le Fort II Fractures
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Nasal bones and medial orbits
Fracture line shaped like a pyramid |
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Le Fort III Fractures
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Craniofacial dislocation and involves all the bones of the face
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Signs and Symptoms specific to midface fractures
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Midface edema
Unstable maxilla Lengthening of the face Epistaxis Numbness of upper teeth Nasal flattening Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea |
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Another name for the Zygoma
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Malar eminence (cheek bone)
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The Zygoma articulates with
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Frontal, maxillary, and temporal bones
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Fractures of the Zygoma bones are usually the result of
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physical assualtsand vehile crashes
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Signs and symptoms of Zygoma fractures
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Flatness of a usually rounded cheek
Numbness of the cheel, nose, and upper lip Epistaxsis Altered Vision |
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Fractures of the Orbit are usually assoicated with what type of fractures
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Le Fort II and III
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Causes of fractures of the Orbit include
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Blunt trauma by an object of greater diameter than that of the bony orbital rim strikes the globe of the eye and surrounding soft tissue, pushes the globe into the orbit and compresses the content.
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Signs and Symptoms of Fractures to the Orbit
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Preorbital Edema
Subconjunctival ecchymosis Diplopia (dbl vision) Enophthalmaos (recessed globe) Epistaxsis Anthesia in the region of the infraorbital nerve Impaired extraocular movements |
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Fractures of the orbit are usually associated with
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Le Fort II and III and Zygomatic complex
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Fractures of the nose
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Fractured most frequently and have the least structural strength
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Signs and Symptoms of Nose fractures
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Epistaxis
Swelling with out appreant skeletal deformatiy |
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Nasal and Ear Foreign Bodies are most common in which type of patients and what are general concerns regurading this patient
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Children and infection
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Types of ear trauma
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lacerations
contusions thermal injuries chemical injuries traumatic perforations barotitis |
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Lacerations to the ear or eye regions are usually caused by
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Blunt trauma
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Which type of tears heal poorly and are easily infected
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Cartilage
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Thermal injuries are usually caused by
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Prolonged exposure to exteme cold or lesser amount of time to heat
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How should chemical injuries be treated
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copious amunt of water
bathe ear and ear canal with sterile water allow to remain in ear canal of 2-3 minutes repeat for 2-4 times dry ear and cover transport |
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Traumatic Perforations are caused by
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Cotton-Tip Applicators
Changes in Pressure (Blast injuires, Scuba diving) |
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Treament for a penetrating injury
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Stabilize object in place
Cover to protect for infection and contamination |
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Barotitis
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Changes in barometric pressure, great enough to produce inflammation and injury to the middle ear
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Barotitis can be caused by
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Scuba diving
Flying at high altitudes |
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Causes of eye trauma
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Blunt or penetrating trauma from MVC
Sports Violent altercations Chemical exposure Foreign Bodies Animal bites or Scratches |
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History taking of an eye injury should include
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Mode of injury
PMH Eye medications Corrective lenses Ocular prothesis Duration of symptoms |
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A visual Acuity test should be performed, this tests what?
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It is a measurement of visual acuity
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Examinations that should be performed when eye injury is suspected
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Visual Acuity
Pupillary Reaction Extraocular movements |
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Tetracaine is used for
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Patient comfort in an eye injury case, it is an opthalmic anethetic
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Corneal abrasion occurs
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when the outer layers of the cornea are rubbed away, it is most common in contact lens weares
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Management of a patient with a Corneal abrasion
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Dbl patch to the eyes
Usually heal in 24 to 48 hours |
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Blunt trauma to the eye and adjacent structures may result in
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contusion
Tramatic hyphema (bleeding into the anterior chamber) |
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Blunt injury to the eye may be associated with other serious injuries such as
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Orbital fracture
Vitreous Hemorrhage Discoloration of the lens |
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Prehospital Care for an eye injury
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Control the bleeding with direct pressure
Protect the eye with a shield and a cardboard cup Rapid transport of the patient |
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Types of contact lenses
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Hard
Rigid gas Permeable Soft Hydrophilic |
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Description of hard contact lenses
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microlenses sometimes physician prescribed for an astigmatism
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Description of Soft Hydrophilic lenses
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Large in diameter extends into the conjunctiva
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Description of Rigid gas permeable contact lenses
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Similar in size to microlenses and have low water content and high oxygen permeability
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An adult has how many teeth
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32 teeth
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An adult tooth consists of two sections
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crown
root |
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How long does the paramedic have to replace an avulsed tooth
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one hour
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Signs and Symptoms of eye contusion injury
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Traumatic dilation or constriction of the pupil
Pain Photophobia Blurred vision Tears of the iris |
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Signs and Symptoms of eye traumatic hyphema injury
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Traumatic dilation or constriction of the pupils
Decrease in visula acuity Blood in the anterior chamber |
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Signs and Symptoms of globe or scleral rupture injury
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Decrease in visula acuity to hand movements/ light perception
Lowered intraocular pressure Pupil Irregularity Hyphema |
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Anterior neck trauma may damage
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Skeletal structures
Vascular structures Nerves Muscles Glands of the neck |
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The anterior of the neck is divided into zones what are they
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Zones I - III
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Zone I for the anterior of the neck includes
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The base of the neck. The sternal notch to the top of the clavicles
Has an increased mortality rate |
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Zone II for the anterior of the neck includes
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Clavicles to the angle of the manabile
Most common |
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Zone III for the anterior of the neck includes
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Part of the neck above the angle of the mandible
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Soft Tissue Injuries to the Anterior of the Neck Include
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Hematomatas and Edema
Lacerations and Punctures Vascular Injury Laryngeal. Oratracheal Injury Esophgeal Injury |
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Treatment for a hematomata and edema
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Inubation with spinal precautions may be necessary
Administer cool humidified oxygen Slightly elevate patient's head |
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Lacerations and puncture wounds may be classified as
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Superficial and deep
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Signs and symptoms of laceration injuries may include
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Active bleeding
Dysphagia Dyspnea Hematemesis Hemoptysis Hoarseness Large expanding hematoma Mobility and Crepitus Neurological deficients Shock Stridor Subcutaneous emphysema Tenderness upon palpitations |
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Vascular Injury management may include
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Securing the airway with spinal precautions
Ventilary support Central hemorrhage with constant direct pressure |
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Esiphageal Injury signs and symptoms include
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Subcutaneous emphysema
Neck hematoma Bleeding form the mouth and nose |
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In an esophageal injury the patient should be placed in what position to avoid:
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Semi Fowlers Postion to avoid gastric distention and gastric reflux
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Skulll fractures maybe classified as
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Linear fractures
Basilar fractures Depressed skull fractures Open vault fractures |
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there
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12
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The cranial nerves pass through an opening called the
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Formina
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Injury to Cranial Nerve I would causse
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Loss of smell
Impariment of taste Hallmark of basilar skull fracture |
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Injury to Cranial Nerve II would cause
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Blindness in one or both eyes
Visual field defects |
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Injury to Cranial Nerve VII
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Immediate or delayed facial paralysis
Basilar skull fracture |
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Injury to cranial nerve VIII
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Deafness
Basilar Skull fracture |
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Injury to Cranial Nerve III
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Ipsilateral, dilated, fixed pupil
Espeically sompression by the temporal lobe Mimicking of direct ocular trauma |
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Types of brain trauma
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Mild Diffuse Injury (concussion)
Moderate Diffuse Injury Diffuse Axonla Injury Focal Injury |
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Describe Moderate Difuse Brain Injury
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minute petechial bruising of brain tissue
Involvement of the brainstem and reticular activating system Leads to unconsciousness and amnesia of the event |
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Desribe Diffuse Axonal Injury
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Severest form of brain injury
Results from brain movement within the skull |
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Desribe Focal Injury of the Brain
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Brain lesions
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Types of brain hemorrhage
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Epidural Hematoma
Subdural Hematoma Subarchnoid Hematoma Cerebral Hematoma |
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GCS score of 9 to 13 indicates
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Moderate traumatic brain injury
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GCS score of 8 or less indicates
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Severe traumatic brain injury
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