Chapter 23A - The Digestive System

Front 1

The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract digests _____________ and absorbs food.

Back 1

mechanical & chemical

Front 2

This consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

Back 2

The Alimentary canal

Front 3

What organs does the alimentary canal consist of?

Back 3

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

Front 4

This consists of the teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas

Back 4

Accessory Digestive organs

Front 5

Name the accessory digestive organs.

Back 5

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas

Front 6

The digestive tract has six essential activities

Back 6

Ingestion, propulsion, and mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion, absorption and defecation

Front 7

What is ingestion?

Back 7

taking food into the digestive tract

Front 8

Taking food into the digestive tract is known as?

Back 8

Ingestion

Front 9

Swallowing and peristalsis is know as

Back 9

propulsion

Front 10

What is propulsion?

Back 10

swallowing and peristalsis (peristalisis-waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls)

Front 11

What is peristalsis?

Back 11

waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls.

Front 12

Waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls is known as?

Back 12

peristalsis

Front 13

Chewing, mixing, and churning food is known as?

Back 13

Mechanical digestion

Front 14

What is mechanical digestion?

Back 14

the chewing, mixing, and churning of food

Front 15

What does most of the mechanical digestion?

Back 15

teeth

Front 16

What is chemical digestion?

Back 16

The catabolic breakdown of food

Front 17

The catabolic breakdown of food is known as?

Back 17

Chemical digestion

Front 18

The movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph?

Back 18

Absorption

Front 19

The elimination of indigestible solid waste is?

Back 19

Defication

Front 20

Regulation of digetion involves?

Back 20

mechanical and chemical stimuli - stretch receptors, osmolarity, and presence of substrate in the lumen

Front 21

The Extrinsic GI is controlled by ________ centers.

Back 21

CNS

Front 22

The Intrinsic GI is controlled by _______ centers.

Back 22

local

Front 23

What receptors respond to stretch, osmolarity, and pH, the presence of substrate, and end products of digestion.

Back 23

Mechano and chemoreceptors

Front 24

Mechano and chemoreceptors initiate reflexes that

Back 24

Activate or inhibit digestive glands
Mix lumen contents and move them along

Front 25

What controls are nerve plexuses near the GI tract initiate short reflexes and short reflexes are mediated by local enteric plexuses (gut brain) (ex: stomach controlling stomach)

Back 25

Intrinsic controls

Front 26

What controls are long reflexes arising within or outside the GI tract and CNS centers and extrinsic autonomic nerves. (ex: when and organ is controlled by something outside)

Back 26

Extrinsic controls

Front 27

This is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.

Back 27

Peritoneium

Front 28

This covers the external surface of most digestive organs.

Back 28

Visceral Peritoneum

Front 29

This lines the body wall.

Back 29

Parietal Peritoneum

Front 30

This lubricates digestive organs and allows them to slide across one another.

Back 30

Peritoneal cavity

Front 31

This is s double layer of peritoneum that provides vascular and nerve supplies to the viscera and holds digestive organs in place and store fat.

Back 31

Mesentery

Front 32

What is mesentery

Back 32

double layer of peritoneum

Front 33

What is the function of the mesentery?

Back 33

vascular and nerve supplies to the viscera
holds digestive organs in place and store fat

Front 34

What are the retroperitoneal organs?

Back 34

organs outside the peritoneum

Front 35

What are the peritoneal organs (intraperitoneal)?

Back 35

organs surrounded by peritoneium

Front 36

What arteries and organs does the splanchnic circulation serve?

Back 36

Arteries: hepatic, splenic and left gastric
Organs: spleen liver and stomach
Arteries: Inferior & Superior mesenteric
Organs: Small and large intestine

Front 37

What is the function of the hepatic portal circulation?

Back 37

movement of blood from the intestine to the liver.

Front 38

What are the four tuncis that line the walls of the GI tract?

Back 38

From the lumen outward: mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

Front 39

This is the moist epithelial layer that lines the lumen of the alimentary canal

Back 39

Mucosa

Front 40

What are the three major functions of the mucosa?

Back 40

secretion of mucus
absorption of end products of digestion
protection against infectious disease

Front 41

These three layers make up the mucosa -

Back 41

a lining epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

Front 42

What is the mucosa epithelial lining of the alimentary canal and what type of cells does it contain?

Back 42

simple columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells

Front 43

What are the functions of mucus secretions?

Back 43

protect digestive organs from digesting themselves
ease food along the tract

Front 44

What does the stomach and small intestine mucosa contain?

Back 44

enzyme-secreting cells
hormone-secreting cells (making them endocrine and digestive organs.

Front 45

The lamina propria is made up of what type of tissue?

Back 45

loose areolar and reticular connective tissue

Front 46

What is the function of the lamina propria?

Back 46

nourishes the epithelium and absorbs nutrients

Front 47

The lamina propria contain

Back 47

lymph nodes (part of MALT)

Front 48

What is muscularis mucosae?

Back 48

smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of mucosa (not peristalsis)

Front 49

What are the three sublayers of mucosa?

Back 49

submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

Front 50

What is the function of the submucosa?

Back 50

it is the strength of the wall

Front 51

What is the function of the muscularis externa?

Back 51

movements, peristalis, churning

Front 52

What is the serosa

Back 52

the protective visceral peritoneum

Front 53

What is the ME standard arragement for digestion?

Back 53

innercircular
outerlogitudinal

Front 54

The exteric nervous system is composed of two major intrinsic nerve plexuses, name them

Back 54

submucosal nerve plexus
myenteric nerve plexus

Front 55

What is the function of the submucosal nerve plexus of the enteric nervous system?

Back 55

regulates glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa

Front 56

What is the function of the myenteric nerve plexus of the enteric nervous system?

Back 56

major nerve supply that controls GI tract mobility.

Front 57

These 2 functions are largely automatic involving local reflex arcs

Back 57

segmentation and peristalsis

Front 58

What is peristalsis

Back 58

pushing air along - like running fingers along a long balloon

Front 59

What is segmentation and where does it happen?

Back 59

this is when the product starts to become hard (in the large intestine)

Front 60

What is bouned by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue/ has the oral orifice as its anterior opening & is continuous with the oropharynx posteriorly?

Back 60

The oral or buccal cavity

Front 61

What type of tissue lines the mouth to help withstand abrasions?

Back 61

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 62

The gums, hard palate, and dorsum of the tongue are slightly _______.

Back 62

keratinized

Front 63

What is the skeletal muscle of the lips?

Back 63

orbicularis oris

Front 64

What is the skeletal muscle of the cheeks?

Back 64

buccinators

Front 65

This is bound by the lips and cheeks externally, and teeth and gums internally

Back 65

vestibule

Front 66

This area lies within the teeth and gums

Back 66

Oral cavity proper

Front 67

What is the median fold that joins the internal aspect of each lip to the gum?

Back 67

Labial frenulum

Front 68

This is underlain by the palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae

Back 68

hard palate

Front 69

What is the function of the hard palate?

Back 69

assists the tongue in chewing

Front 70

This is a mobile fold formed of skeletal muscle

Back 70

soft palate

Front 71

What is the function of the soft palate?

Back 71

closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing

Front 72

The uvula projects downward from its free edge

Back 72

soft palate

Front 73

The palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches from the ______________.

Back 73

borders of the fauces

Front 74

This occupies the floor of the mouth and fills the oral cavity when mouth is closed

Back 74

tongue

Front 75

What tissue is the tongue made of?

Back 75

skeletal muscle

Front 76

What grips and repositions food during chewing, mixes food with saliva and forming the bolus, also initiates swallowing and speech

Back 76

tongue

Front 77

What muscles (intrinsic or extrinsic) change the shape of the tongue

Back 77

intrinsic muscles

Front 78

What muscles (intrinsic or extrinsic) alter the tongues postion?

Back 78

Extrinsic muscles

Front 79

This secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

Back 79

lingual frenulum

Front 80

The tongue bears three types of papillae

Back 80

filiform
fungiform
circumvallate

Front 81

This papillae gives the tongue roughness and provide friction

Back 81

filiform

Front 82

This papillae is scattered widely over the tongue and gives it a reddish hue

Back 82

fungiform

Front 83

This papillae is a V-shaped row in the back of the tongue

Back 83

circumvallate

Front 84

This groove separates the tongue into two areas?

Back 84

sulcus terminalis

Front 85

The salivary glands produce and secrete saliva that

Back 85

cleanse the mouth (lysozyme)
moistens and dissolves food chemicals
aids in bolus formation
contains enzymes that break down starch (salivary amylase)

Front 86

The salivary glands have three pairs of extrinsic glands (adjacent to mouth)

Back 86

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

Front 87

What are the intrinsic salivary glands called?

Back 87

buccal glands (inside mouth)

Front 88

This muscosa is dense connective tissue containing elastic fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and nerves

Back 88

submucosa

Front 89

This mucosa is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

Back 89

muscularis externa

Front 90

This is the protective visceral peritoneum

Back 90

serosa

Front 91

Salivary gland -parotid secretes

Back 91

amalyse and lysozyme

Front 92

The submandibular salvary gland secretes what 3 things?

Back 92

1/2 mucus
amalyse and lysozyme

Front 93

Salivary gland - sublingual secretes what two things?

Back 93

Almost entirely mucous
Small amount of amalyse

Front 94

Saliva consists of

Back 94

97 - 99.5% water
it's a hypo-osmotic,
slightly acidic
soluntion

Front 95

Intrinsic glands keep the mouth

Back 95

moist (buccal glands)

Front 96

Extrinsic salivary glands secrete serous, enzyme-rich saliva in response to

Back 96

eating or thinking about food

Front 97

Strong sympathetic stimulation ______ salivation and results in ________

Back 97

inhibits
dry mouth

Front 98

How many primary or deciduous teeth are there?

Back 98

20, they reupt at intervals between 6 and 24 months.

Front 99

How many perminant teeth are there?

Back 99

32 - permanent teeth enlarge and develop causing the root of deciduous teeth to be resorbed and fall out between the ages of 6 and 12 years

Front 100

All but the ____ molars have erupted by the end of adolescence.

Back 100

3rd molars

Front 101

What are the chisel shaped teeth for cutting or nipping?

Back 101

Incisors

Front 102

What are the fanglike teeth that tear or pierce?

Back 102

Canines

Front 103

What are the teeth that have broad crowns with rounded tips: best suited for grinding or crushing?

Back 103

Premolars (bicuspids) & molars

Front 104

What is a clinical crown?

Back 104

the portion of the tooth that is visible; it changes with age.

Front 105

What is an anatomical crown?

Back 105

The portion of the tooth covered by enamal / this doesn't change.

Front 106

Name the number and type of primary teeth.

Back 106

4 - Incisors
2 - Canine
4 - Molars
x 2 = 20

Front 107

Name the number and type of permanent teeth.

Back 107

4 - Incisors
2 - Canine
4 - Premolar
6 - Molar
X 2 = 32

Front 108

What are the two main regions of tooth structure?

Back 108

Crown & Root

Front 109

What part of the tooth is the crown?

Back 109

The exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva

Front 110

What is enamal?

Back 110

96% mineral - hardest substance in the body.
It encaupsules the crown of the tooth

Front 111

What is the root of the tooth?

Back 111

Portion of the tooth embedded in the jawbone.

Front 112

What is the function of the peridontal ligament?

Back 112

Anchors the tooth in the alveolus of the jaw
Forms the fibrous joint called gomphosis

Front 113

What is dentin?

Back 113

bonelike material deep to the enamal cap that forms the bulk of the tooth.

Front 114

What forms the bulk of the tooth?

Back 114

dentin

Front 115

What cavity is surrounded by dentin and contains pulp?

Back 115

pulp cavity
(blood supply, sensory nerve fibers)

Front 116

What is pulp?

Back 116

connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

Front 117

What portion of the pulp cavity extends into the root?

Back 117

The root canal

Front 118

This the proximal opening to the root canal.

Back 118

Apical foramen

Front 119

These secrete and maintain dentin throughout life.

Back 119

odontoblasts - sesory extentions of nerves

Front 120

As plaque accumulates, it calcifies and forms calculus, or tarter. This is known as?

Back 120

Gingivitis -
this disrupts the seal between the gingivae and the teeth and also puts the gums at risk for infection

Front 121

This is a serious gum disease resulting from an immune response.

Back 121

Periodontitis - the immune system attacks intruders as well as body tissues, carving pockets around teeth and dissolving bone

Front 122

What is the location where the crown and root come together?

Back 122

neck