Chapter 23 Objectives

Front 1

Describe the principal functions of the blood and its mechanisms to maintain homeostasis

Back 1

Blood is a connective tissue. The functions of blood are TRANSPORTATION, REGULATION AND PROTECTION as it (1) transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, heat and waste products and hormones (2) maintains homeostasis (3) regulates pH, body temperature; and (4) protects.

Blood’s mechanism to maintain homeostasis is that it travels through the body delivering oxygen, nutrients while simultaneously removing carbon dioxide and waste.

Front 2

Identify the four plasma proteins and their chief functions

Back 2

(1) Albumin provides thickness thus maintaining blood pressure; without this plasma protein you would swell/edema or have hypotension
(2) Fibrinogen is essential for blood clotting
(3) Prothrombin is essential for blood clotting
(4) Globulin (alpha and beta) produces antibodies

Front 3

Outline the structure and function of the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Back 3

RBC "erythrocytes" flattened, biconcave disks that have no nucleus; function to transport hemoglobin which picks up oxygen.
WBC "leukocytes" have a nucleus and the two types are granular and agranular; define the body against disease.
Platelets "thrombocytes" (thrombo=clot and cyte=cell) and are the smallest of the bloods elements, they are fragments; are essential for blood clotting.

Front 4

Discuss the importance of chemotaxis and phagocytosis in fighting invading organisms

Back 4

Phagocytosis is important because it engulfs and destroys invading organisms. Endocytosis involves both phagocytosis (engulfing particulate matter) and pinocytosis (engulfing extracellular fluid matter)

Chemotaxis is when WBC, neutrophils, are attracted to certain chemicals and find their way to damaged tissues to start fighting infection.

Front 5

Describe the mechanism of blood clotting

Back 5

The initial response to a disruption in a blood vessel includes vascular spasm (vasospasm) platelet plug formation, and the coagulation process that forms a fibrin clot. When a blood vessel is disrupted, platelets break down and cause the release of a chemical, thromboplastin, which interacts with certain protein factors and eventually form a clot. Thrombus is a stationary clot and an embolus is a clot that circulates.

Front 6

Identify the four blood groups and the Rh factor

Back 6

A, B, AB and O are the four blood groups; these blood types are inherited (genetic) combinations of antigens and antibodies.

Rh factor is also inherited antigen and is named after the Rhesus money. If the person has the D factor they are RH+ and if they do not have the D factor they are Rh-.

Front 7

Describe the blood groups that are considered the universal donor and the universal receipent and state why it is so

Back 7

Blood group "AB" is the Universal Recipient because people of this group may receive red blood cells from donors of any ABO group in an extreme emergency.

Blood group O is the Universal Donor because these red blood cells may be given to people of any ABO group in an extreme emergency.

Front 8

Decribe lymphatic circulation and the filtration role of the lymph nodes

Back 8

Lymphatic circulation: lymph only carries blood away from tissues and depends on the the movement of skeletal muscles. Lymph from the URQ drains into the right lymphatic duct and the remainder of the body's lymph drains into the left lymphatic duct known as thoracic duct; both then drain into the left subclavin vein at the base of the neck where lymph mixes with blood plasma and becomes part of circulation. Lymph enters lymph nodes thru afferent "bringing toward" lymph vessels which filter the substance and then lymph continues to flow away from the node via efferent "taking away" from lymph vessels into the blood stream.

Filtration of the lymph nodes is a vital function. The “swollen glands” are at work trying to filter and destroy pathogens. They are enlarged as their macrophages eat and destroy invaders

Front 9

Describe the circle of Willis and the blood-brain barrier, including the function of each

Back 9

Circulation to the brain is vital in maintaining life and the ability to function. The circle of Willis is formed by the anterior communicating artery, posterior communicating artery, anterior cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery and internal carotid artery.

The blood-brain barrier is an “adaptation of the circulation” that protects the brain by allowing only certain substances from the blood to enter the brain.

Front 10

Explain the process of hepatic-portal circulation

Back 10

The hepatic-portal circulation is a subdivision of systemic circulation, an efficient detour in theh pathway of the venous return directed at transporting raw materials in the form of carbohydrates and fats from the digestive organs and the spleen to the liver. It begins and ends in the capillaries. Capillaries from stomach, intestine, etcl empty into veins which drain into a vessel called portal vein which leads to the liver. In the liver raw materials are synthesized into useful substances that the entire body needs which are emptied into the hepatic vein which leads to the inferior vena cava.

Front 11

Discuss at least three normal changes in the hematologic and lymphatic systems caused by aging

Back 11

stem cells and bone marrow reserve decrease allowing from increased clotting and decreased blood flow.

hemoglobin levels decrease may cause anemia or other loss of iron problems; low iron is normal in aging just be sure nothing else is causing low iron.

WBC production decreases causing less of a response to infection of the WBC. Nurse will look for fatigue, anorexia or mental confusion