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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the average age for menarche?
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9 to 14
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What is the age range of menopause?
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between 45 to 55
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What is the difference between an oocyte and an ova?
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developing gametes are oocytes and an ova is a mature gamete
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What is are the two main functions of the ovary?
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Gametogensis
Steroidgensis |
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Which hormone is responsible for the development of female sexual characteristics at the onset of puberty
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Estrogen
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_______ promote breast development but _______ promotes lactation
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Estrogen
Progesterone |
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______ acts on the ductal and stroma of the breast but ______ acts on the lobules of the breast
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Estrogen
Progesterone |
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Which hormone causes secretory changes of the endometrium for the preparation of pregnancy?
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progesterone
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What is the peritoneal covering of the uterus?
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perimetrium
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What is the thickest layer of the uterus?
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myometrium
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Name the three attachment points for the ovary.
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Posterior surface -The broad ligament
The superior pole ( attached to the pelvic wall)- the suspensory ligament of the ovary The inferior pole (attached to the uterus)- the ovarian ligament |
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What is the embryological origin of the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
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gubernaculum - a fibrous cord that attaches to the developing gonad to the floor of the pelvis
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Where are the ovarian follicles found within the ovary?
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The cortex contains the ovarian follicles
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Where can we expect to find the lymphatic vessels, nerves and blood vessels in the ovary?
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the medulla
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Name the levels of the ovary
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germinal epithelium (surface)
tunica albuginea (dense connective tissue layer) cortex (has ovarian follicles and a cellular connective tissue) medulla ( loose connective tissue) |
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What is the embryological origin of the germinal epithelium?
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They migrate from the embryonic yolk sac into the cortex of the embyronic gonad
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What is the most common site for tumors in the ovary?
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Tumors that arise from the epithelial surface account for 70% of ovarian CA.
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When do the mitotic divisions occur that determine the amount of oocytes in a girl?
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during fetal life
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What stage are the ovarian follicles at birth?
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They are in the first meiotic division
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When does the first ovulation occur?
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Generally the 1st ovulation does not occur until a year after the first menarche
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Histologically what are the three basic types of ovarian follicles?
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Primordial
Growing ( primary/ secondary) Graafian (mature) |
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When the process of atresia of oocytes begin?
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The process of spontaneous death and resorption of immature oocytes start in the 5th fetal month
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What is the hormonal stimulation of the conversion of the primordial follicle to primary follicle?
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None
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What is Balbiani body?
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It is a localized accumulation of Golgi membranes and vesicles, ER ,mitochondria and lysosomes
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Where are Balbiani bodies typically found?
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In the cytoplasm of a primordial follicle
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Describe the structure of a primordial follicle
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It has a layer of flattened follicle cells surrounding it. The cytoplasm has Balbiani body and annulate lamellae
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What is the difference between an primordial follicle and a primary follicle
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The flattened follicle cells are now cuboidal and the oocyte has secreted an extracellular coat, the zona pellucida
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What composes the Zona pellucida?
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There are three classes of zona pellucida glycoproteins , ZP-1, ZP-2, ZP-3
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What is the function of the zona pellucida?
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It contains binding receptors for spermatoza and induces the acrosomal reaction. ZP-3 is mainly responsible for these functions
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What structure gives rise to the granulosa cells
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The single layer of follicle cells give rise to a stratified epithelium known as the granulosa cells
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What gives rise to the thecal folliculi?
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The stromal cells that immediately surround the follicle form a sheath of connective tissue known as the theca folliculi
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What is the structural difference between the theca interna and the theca externa?
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The theca interna is a highly vasculized inner layer, with a large amounts of LH receptors
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What are the cytoplasmic changes that occur from the primordial follicle to the primary follicle?
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The elements of the single Balbiani body scatter throughout the cytoplasm. The number of free ribosomes, rER, mitochondria increase and there are specialized cortical granules ( have proteases that are released by sperm activation)
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What is the perivitelline space?
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It is the space between the oocyte and the granulosa cells where processes (microvilli) of the oocyte and the granuolsa cells intermingle
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What is the role of theca interna in steroid synthesis?
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In response to LH stimulation, they make and secrete the androgens that are precursors to estrogens
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What is the difference between the primary and the secondary follicle?
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A secondary follicle experiences an increase in granulosa cells and when there are 6 to 12 layers and antrum of fluid begins to form. Call-Exner bodies are found in between the layers of granulosa cells
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What are the factors required for maturation of the follicle?
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Growth factors (IGF-1, EGF)
FSH calcium ions |
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What gives rise to the corona radiata?
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The granulosa cells thicken with advanced antrum formation and form the cumulus oophorus. At ovulation, those cells from the cumulus oophorus that remain with it are the corona radiata
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In what stage can we expect to find Call- Exner bodies?
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In secondary follicles, between the granulosa cells
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When should we expect to see formation of the antrum?
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When the stratum granulosum reaches a thickness of 6 to 12 cell layers thick, fluid filled cavities begin to form that coalesce into an antrum
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What is the process where the secondary oocyte is released from the Graafian follicle?
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Ovulation
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Where in the ovary are Graafian follicles found?
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In the ovarian cortex. It spans the entire thickness and causes a bulge on the surface of the ovary.
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What hormone causes the granulosa cells to convert the androgens made by the theca interna cells into estrogens?
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FSH
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What does the LH surge trigger?
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1. the downregulation of the LH receptors on granulosa cells
2. granulose cells no longer make estrogen 3. First meiotic division resumes resulting in a secondary oocyte and a polar body |
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What effects does increased estrogen have on the follicle ?
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Increased estrogens cause the granulosa cells to proliferate and increase the size of the follicle
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When during the menstrual cycle is the secondary oocyte released?
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on the 14th day of a 28 day cycle
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What is the follicular stigma?
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An area in the germinal epithelium where blood flow has stopped due to the pressure from the bulging follicle
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Name the four factors that are directly related to the release of the secondary ooycte
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1. increase in the volume and pressure of the follicular fluid
2. proteolysis of the follicular wall by the activated plasminogen 3. deposition of glycoaminoglycans between the oocyte and the stratum granulosum 4. Contraction of the smooth muscle fibers in the theca externa --> triggered by prostaglandins |
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How does the fimbriae of the fallopian tube direct the oocyte to the uterus
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At the time of ovulation, the fimbriae of the uterine tube becomes closely apposed to the ovary. The fimbriae sweeps the oocyte into the opening and the oocyte becomes adherent. The ciliated motion directs it into the tube
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What is the time frame of viability of the secondary oocyte?
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24 hours
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What is the most common cause of death in the first half of pregnancy?
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Ectopic pregnancy.
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How are multiple zygotes possible?
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The release of other oocytes that have reached the same full maturity during the same cycle
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What is the stage of the primary oocyte arrested within the primordial follicle?
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The primary oocytes within the primordial follicles begin the first meiotic division in the embryo, but the process is arrested at the diplotene stage of the meiotic prophase
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What is the result of the first meitotic division of the primary ooycte?
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a secondary oocyte and a polar body
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What stage is the secondary oocyte in during ovulation?
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The secondary oocyte is arrested at metaphase
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What is the stimulus for the second meiotic division in the secondary oocyte ?
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Penetration of the spermatozon inthe secondary oocyte
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How many polar bodies are expected in a fertilized egg?
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2
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What is the process of luteinization?
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In the periphery, the thecal cells differentiate into the theca luteal cells. In the center, the granulosa cells differentiate into the granulosa luteal cells.
They both take on characteristics of steroid secreting cells --> lipid droplets, abundant sER, and mitochondria with tubular cristae |
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What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?
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Estrogen
Progesterone |
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What is the role of the corpus luteum?
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To stimulate the growth and secretory activity of the lining of the uterus , the endometrium, to prepare it for implanation of the developing zygote.
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What is the result of the second meiotic division?
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A mature ovum with the maternal pronucleus with a set of 23 chromosomes and a second polar body
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What is Stein -Leventhal disease?
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Polycystic ovarian disease (bilaterally enlarged ovaries with numerous follicular cysts that is associated with oligomenorrhea and scanty menstruation
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What are oyster ovaries?
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Ovaries that have a smooth, pearly- white surface with no surface scarring due to no ovulations.
The ovaries has a large number of flui-filled follicular cysts and atrophic secondary follicles that lie beneath an unusually thick tunica albuginea |
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What is the cause of the anovulatory cycle in Stein-Leventhal disease?
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This is due to only estrogenic stimulation of the endometrium because of the inhibition of progesterone. Progesterone is only produced by the corpus luteum --> there is a failure of the Graafian follicle to develop into the corpus luteum
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What is the treatment of Stein -Leventhal disease?
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Reconstruct the estrogen and progesterone ratio and surgical intervention ( making a wedge shaped incision into the ovary to expose the cortex, allowing the ova to leave without being physcially restricted by the thicken tunica albuginea
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If fertilization and implantation does not occur, the corpus luteum remains active only for ____.
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14 days
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What are the chemical signals that would maintain the corpus luteum?
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hCG and other leuteotropins
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What is capacitation?
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The activation of the spermatozoa.
caused by: 1. increased adenylyl cyclase leading to increased levels of cAMP 2. Increased rateof tyrosine phosphorylation 3. removal of the plasma membrane cholesterol ( it inhibits capacitation) 4. release of the seminal fluid glycoconjugates from the head of the sperm ( they inhibit binding to the ZP receptors) 5. Activation of Ca channels resulting in increased intracellular Ca levels |
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What confirms successful capacitation?
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Hyperactivation of the spermatozoa --> vigorous, whiplash like beating pattern of their flagella
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What is the usual site of fertilization?
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The ampulla
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What marks the completion of capacitation?
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When the spermatozoa are able to bind to bind to the zona pellucida receptors
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What is the acrosome reaction?
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The acrosome reaction is where the enzymes ( mainly hyaluronidases) are released from the acrosome that allow only a single spermatozoon to penetrate the zona pellucida
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What is the trigger for the acrosome reaction?
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binding to the ZP-3 receptor on the zona pellucida
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When does the two cell stage occur?
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After the two pronuclei have aligned and the nuclear membranes have dissolved; the zygote uses its 2n (46) chromosomes to undergo a mitotic division
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What is the male pronucleus?
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It is the nucleus from the sperm head that is incorporated into the oocyte
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What is the hyperactivation reaction in sperm?
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Where approaching a secondary oocyte, a spermatozoon becomes hyperactivated; It swims faster and its tail movements becomes more forceful and erratic.
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What is the trigger for the hyperactivation reaction in sperm
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The hyperactivation reaction is caused by a sudden influx of Ca 2+ into the tails of spermatozoa via calcium channel proteins called CatSpers
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What are the sperm contents that enter the oocyte during the impregnation of the occyte?
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The sperm nucleus
The centrosome the midpiece with the mitochondria and kinocilium |
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The _____ centrosome is essential for the alignment of the mitotic spindle that divides chromosomes into the first two cells of the embryo
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male
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What is the trigger for the occyte to undergo second meiotic division?
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An impregnating spermatozoon that generates a molecular signal
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All mitochondria in human cells normally derive from the ____, but all centrosomes orginate from the _____ cell
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mother
father's sperm cell |
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Name the three types of postfusion reactions that are used to prevent polyspermy.
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Fast block to polyspermy
Cortical reaction Zona reaction |
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What is the zona reaction
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The released enzymes (proteases) of the cortical granules not only degrade the glycoprotein oocyte plasma membrane receptors for sperm binding but also form the perivitelline barrier by cross-linking proteins on the surface of the zona pellucida
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What is cortical reaction?
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Cortical granules move to the surface and fuse with the oolemma leading to a transient increase in surface area of the ovum and reorganization of the membrane
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What serves that the trigger for the cortical reaction?
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Changes in the polarity of the oolemma trigger release of Ca2+ from the ooplasmic stores. the Ca 2+ propagates a cortical reaction wave
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What is the fast block to polyspermy?
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A large and long-last depolarization of the oolemma creates a transient electrical block to polyspermy
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What are the transforming factors that change the corpus luteum to the corpus luteum of the pregnancy
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A combo of paracrine and endocrine secretions --> leutropins
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What are the paracrine leuteotropins?
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Paracrine are secreted from the ovary.
Estrogens IGF-I IGF-II |
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What are the endocrine leuteotropins?
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Insulin, from the pancreas
LH and prolactin , for the pituitary hCG, from the trophoblast of the chorion |
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What is the responsible for blocking the cyclic development of ovarian follicles after pregnancy?
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Progesterone
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