Chapter 23: Cardiovascular, Lymphatic And Systemic Diseases

Front 1

what occurs when bacteria are present in the blood but not growing?

Back 1

bacteremia

Front 2

what refers to growing bacteria in the blood?

Back 2

septicemia

Front 3

what is a life threatening condition in which the blood pressure drops and blood vessels collapse? what are the three main words associated with it?

Back 3

septic shock; shock, drop and collapse

Front 4

1/3 of all septicemias are caused by what organisms?

Back 4

gram negative

Front 5

what causes septic shock?

Back 5

the endotoxins (cell membrane: LPS) produced by the gram negative organisms

Front 6

what type of treatments of septicemias often worsen the situation?

Back 6

antibiotics

Front 7

how many septicemias are nosocomial; following surgery

Back 7

1/3

Front 8

what is lymphangitis?

Back 8

inflammation of the lymphatic vessels that leave the site of injury, other symptoms are fever and shock

Front 9

what is the morality rate for septicemia?

Back 9

50-70%

Front 10

how do you diagnose septicemias?

Back 10

blood culture

Front 11

how do you treat septicemia?

Back 11

an elevation of blood pressure, stabilization followed by antibiotic therapy

Front 12

what is the causative agent of puerperal fever?

Back 12

streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep): this is in the mother as normal flora, gets in to the blood stream during delivery

Front 13

what are signs and symptoms of puerperal fever?

Back 13

fever, chills, pelvic distension and tenderness, bloody vaginal discharge

Front 14

what is the treatment for puerperal fever?

Back 14

antibiotic therapy: usually penicillin: low mortality

Front 15

what is the causative agent of Group B streptococcal disease?

Back 15

streptococcus agalactiae (Group B strep): in the baby

Front 16

what are the symptoms of group b streptococcal disease?

Back 16

appear within a few days of birth with fever, respiratory distress and lethargy

Front 17

what is the treatment for group b streptococcal disease?

Back 17

mother: ampicillin (before birth)
baby is given ampicillin 7-10 days after birth

Front 18

rheumatic fever is a sequelae to what?

Back 18

strep pyogenes infection

Front 19

rheumatic fever is most common in what age group?

Back 19

5-15

Front 20

what are the symptoms of rheumatic fever?

Back 20

fever and rash followed by arthritis

Front 21

how do you diagnose rheumatic fever?

Back 21

damage to the mitral valve

Front 22

rheumatic fevers should take ____ _____ antibiotics prior to any dental work

Back 22

prophylactic antibiotics

Front 23

what are the symptoms of bacterial endocarditis?

Back 23

fever, malaise, bacteremia and heart murmur in 2 out of 3 patients

Front 24

what is the causative agent of bacterial endocarditis?

Back 24

viridans streptococcus, enterococcus

Front 25

what does it mean when bacterial endocarditis is considered acute?

Back 25

it is rapid onset; usually leading to complete valve destruction and death within a few days

Front 26

what is the treatment for bacterial endocarditis?

Back 26

antibiotice therapy to kill the infection
-often valve replacement
-50% cured antibiotics, 25% cured by surgery and 25% die

Front 27

what is the causative agent of bacterial endocarditis?

Back 27

staphylococcus aureus

Front 28

what is the causative agent of filariasis?

Back 28

several roundworms

Front 29

what is common with filariasis?

Back 29

wuchereria bancrofti

Front 30

how many people word wide are infected with filariasis?

Back 30

100 million

Front 31

how does filariasis occur?

Back 31

female worms release embryos called microfilaria which are in the peripheral blood vessels at night and retreat to the deep vessels during the day

Front 32

how is filariasis transmitted?

Back 32

mosquitos
-when the mosquito bites the microfilaria gain access to the host and reproduce in the lymphatic vessels

Front 33

repeated infections of filariasis leads to..

Back 33

elephantiasis

Front 34

what is filariasis treated with?

Back 34

hetrazan, albendazole or metronidazole
-wrapping the effected limbs to force lymph through the vessels can reduce the size of the effected limb

Front 35

what is the causative agent of anthrax?

Back 35

bacillus anthracis

Front 36

where is anthrax mostly seen?

Back 36

in farm animals, especially herbivores

Front 37

what are the 3 types of anthrax?

Back 37

-cutaneous: 90% of cases: 10-20% fatal
-intestinal: 5% of cases: 25-50% fata
-respiratory: 5% of cases: almost 100% fatal regardless of treatment: bio-terrorism

Front 38

where is pulmonary anthrax common?

Back 38

among grazing animals whose noses are close to the soil in which antrhax spores wait

Front 39

how does pulmonary anthrax attack?

Back 39

-once inhaled into the lungs, the spores germinate in alveoli where they are phagocytized, but not killed by the macrophages
-they eventually kill the macrophages
-clots from inside pulmonary capillaries and lymph nodes, causing swelling that obstructs airways
-person to person spread does not occur, not coughed up

Front 40

who contracted pulmonary anthrax during the 2001 attacks?

Back 40

postal workers: they all lived but never regained their former health

Front 41

pulmonary anthrax is treated with what?

Back 41

ciprofloxin

Front 42

who must be vaccinated for pulmonary anthrax?

Back 42

cattle

Front 43

what is the causative agent of the plague?

Back 43

yersinia pestis

Front 44

what are the common vectors of plague?

Back 44

rats and fleas

Front 45

plague is found in rodents in which part of the US?

Back 45

western states

Front 46

if plague goes untreated, what is the mortality rate?

Back 46

50-60%

Front 47

how does yersinia pestis attack?

Back 47

travels through the lymphatics and lodge in the lymph nodes where they cause hemorrhages and massive node enlargements
-especially in the axillary and inguinal nodes
-called buboes
-appear 2-7 days after infection and turn black

Front 48

what is "pneumonic plague"?

Back 48

pneumonic plague occurs if the organism colonizes the lungs and air droplets spread (near 100% fatal)

Front 49

what is the treatment for plague?

Back 49

streptomycin and or tetracycline

Front 50

what is the causative agent of lyme disease and what are the major reservoirs?

Back 50

CA: borrelia burgdorferi
-whitetail deer and deer ticks are the major reservoirs

Front 51

what are the signs and symptoms of lyme disease?

Back 51

after being bitten lyme disease begins with a fever and a characteristic "bull's eye rash"
-untreated it can lead to arthritis nerve and heart disorders

Front 52

what is the treatment for lyme disease?

Back 52

doxycycaline and amoxicillin are used for treatment and are much more effective if used early in disease

Front 53

what is the causative agent of rickettsial disease?

Back 53

rickettsia species, gram negative obligate intracellular parasites

Front 54

humans are what kind of hosts for rickettsia species?

Back 54

accidental

Front 55

what is the treatment for rickettsial diseases?

Back 55

tetracycline and chloramphenicol, NOT curative

Front 56

what is the causative agent for rocky mountain spotted fever?

Back 56

rickettsia rickettsii

Front 57

what are the symptoms for rocky mountain spotted fever?

Back 57

rapid onset of fever, headache and weakness
-rash develops on the wrists and ankles and progresses to the trunk

Front 58

most reported cases of rocky mountain spotted fever actually occur where?

Back 58

in the appalachian mountains

Front 59

what is the causative agent of dengue fever?

Back 59

four CAs all belonging to the flavavirus family

Front 60

what is dengue fever also known as?

Back 60

break-bone fever because of severe joing pain

Front 61

how is dengue fever transmitted? how do you control the transmission?

Back 61

viruses are carried by mosquito vectors that have arrived in the US recently
-mosquito control is best preventative

Front 62

where is yellow fever most common?

Back 62

in central and south america

Front 63

what is the most common vector/host relationship for yellow fever?

Back 63

monkeys = host
mosquitos = vector

Front 64

yellow fever became a problem during the building of what?

Back 64

the panama canal

Front 65

what are the signs and symptoms of yellow fever?

Back 65

fever, nausea and vomiting; liver damage from viral replication in liver cells causes jaundice for which the disease is named for

Front 66

what is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis? what other diseases does this agent cause?

Back 66

a herpes virus called epstein-barr virus (EBV)
also causes: burkitt's lymphoma and hairy leukoplakia

Front 67

how does EBV affect its host?

Back 67

infects primarily B cells
-wherever they may be..bone marrow, intestines, anywhere

Front 68

describe burkitt's lymphoma

Back 68

-usually seen as a tumor of the jaw
-more common in countries where there are other parasitic diseases such as malaria

Front 69

describe mono

Back 69

-incubation pd is between 30-50 days
-most patients have a sore throat, malaise, mild headache
-clinical tests are required for diagnosis because the signs and symptoms of disease resemble many other disorders

Front 70

what is the treatment of infectious mononuecleosis

Back 70

-bed rest
-antibiotics to prevent secondary infections: NOT ampicillin: leads to a rash
-no vaccine is available
-infection leads to lasting immunity

Front 71

what is the common characteristic of causative agents of filoviruses? which is the most famous?

Back 71

all have characteristic fish-hook shape
-most famous is the ebola virus

Front 72

what does filovirus result in?

Back 72

50-90% fatal
100% result in gruesome-hemorrhagic fever

Front 73

how does ebola (causative agent of filovirus) attack?

Back 73

interacts specifically with liver cells and cells of the reticuloendothelial system
-lining of blood capillaries are attacked
-capillaries start to leak fluids and plasma proteins
-some intravascular coagulation and subsequent loss of normal clotting capability
-this leads to shock because of low water volume in the body
-causes general interruption of tissue oxygenation causing critical organ failure
-impossible to reverse

Front 74

four strains of ebola, the only one not spread in humans is...

Back 74

reston strain
-named after reston virginia where monkeys were found as carriers

Front 75

what is the causative agent of leishmaniasis?

Back 75

leishmania species

Front 76

visceral leishmaniasis - kala azar is also known as what?

Back 76

black poison

Front 77

what is the leishmaniasis carried by? how many cases are there world wide?

Back 77

carried by a sandfly vector
12 million cases

Front 78

what are the symptoms of leishmaniasis?

Back 78

high irregular fever, progressive weakness, wasting, protrusion of the abdomen due to extensive liver and spleen enlargement

Front 79

what is leishmaniasis treated with?

Back 79

antimony compounds

Front 80

leishmaniasis is considered a what?

Back 80

a desert storm disease

Front 81

what is the causative agent of malaria?

Back 81

plasmodium species, four species

Front 82

what is one of the world's greatest health problems, killing a million people annually?

Back 82

malaria

Front 83

what are the symptoms of malaria?

Back 83

fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, anemia and convulsion

Front 84

how do malaria causing organisms attack?

Back 84

reproduce in RBCs as trophozoites
-release causes high fever intervals

Front 85

what is the treatment of malaria?

Back 85

-chloroquine
-prophylactice treatment for people going to malarial regions is recommended 1 wk before during and 6 wks after
-treamtnet suppresses clinical symptoms but does not always prevent infection

Front 86

what is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis

Back 86

toxoplasma gondii

Front 87

most americans who get toxoplasmosis get it from where?

Back 87

their cats
-only a problem if the cat is a mouser

Front 88

why is toxoplasmosis a problem within the french?

Back 88

they like to eat steak tartar (raw steak)

Front 89

toxoplasmosis is most serious in what?

Back 89

developing fetuses and newborns
-it also causes blindness and mental retardation

Front 90

one to three cases per 1000 births with a 50% mortality rate is associated with what?

Back 90

group B streptococcal disease

Front 91

what is the gram stain and morphology of rheumatic fever

Back 91

gram positive chains