Chapter 22 Biology 2

Front 1

filaments

Back 1

prokaryotes aggregating single cells into colonies or rows of cells, helping to achieve larger body size

Front 2

protist

Back 2

cannot be classified into Fungi, Plantae or Animalia Kingdoms

protos= first

Front 3

protozoa

Back 3

protists that have no chloroplasts

Front 4

algae

Back 4

protist that have at least one chloroplast, obtained by endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria

Front 5

symbioses

Back 5

close associations of two or more species

Front 6

mutuallism

Back 6

both species benefit

Front 7

commensalism

Back 7

one benefits and one goes unharmed/unchanged

Front 8

parasitism

Back 8

one benefits and one is harmed

Front 9

horizontal gene transfer

Back 9

an organism receives genetic material from another organism in which it isn't the offspring of

most common among bacteria and archaea

Front 10

vertical gene transfer

Back 10

occurs between parent and offspring

Front 11

transduction (HGT)

Back 11

DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus via a viral vector

Front 12

transformation (HGT)

Back 12

the direct uptake of DNA from the environment via cell membranes

Front 13

endosymbiosis

Back 13

one species, the endosymbiont, lives in the body/cells of another; the host

how mitochondria and chloroplasts came to be in eukaryotes from bacteria

Front 14

hyperthermophiles

Back 14

prokaryotes that live in high temperatures of the hyperthermal vents in the ocean

Front 15

halophiles

Back 15

live in high salinity

Front 16

acidophiles

Back 16

live in high acidity

Front 17

extremophiles

Back 17

living in extreme conditions

Front 18

5 phyla of archaea

Back 18

Korarcheota

Nanoarchaeota

Thuamarchaeota

Crenarchaeota

Euryaechaeota

Front 19

nitrogen fixation

Back 19

conversion of N2 into NH3

Front 20

mucilage

Back 20

filaments held together by a thick gluey substance

Front 21

thylakoids

Back 21

provide greater surface area for chlorophyll and other molecules involved in photosynthesis

in cyanobacteria and modern land plants

Front 22

cocci

Back 22

spheres; maximize surface area to volume ratio

Front 23

bacilli

Back 23

elongate rods; able to store more nutrients than other shapes

Front 24

vibrios

Back 24

comma shaped

Front 25

spirochaetes

Back 25

spiral-shaped and are flexible

Front 26

spirilli

Back 26

spiral-shaped and are rigid

Front 27

hyptonic

Back 27

causes lysing, when solute concentration is higher inside the cell than outside

Front 28

hypertonic

Back 28

when solute concentration is lower inside the cell than outside

Front 29

peptidoglycan

Back 29

a polymer that composes bacterial cell walls

Front 30

gram-positive

Back 30

thick peptidoglycan with no outer envelope, weaker to antibiotics

purple in color

Front 31

gram-negative

Back 31

thin peptidoglycan with an outer envelope, stronger to antibiotics

pink in color

Front 32

biofilms

Back 32

a coating of cells that are stuck together by means of a mucilage

Front 33

internal bouyancy vesicles

Back 33

allow cyanobacteria to float in water by collecting water at the surface

Front 34

pili

Back 34

threadlike cell surface structures allowing for twitching or gliding across surfaces

Front 35

flagella (singular)

Back 35

allow cells to move by twitching, gliding, or swimming

Front 36

binary fission

Back 36

bacterial asexual reproduction by division of a single cell into two equal progeny cells

Front 37

akinetes

Back 37

produced by cyanobacteria, thick-walled food-filled cells made to survive winter

Front 38

endospores

Back 38

DNA and other materials become enclosed in a tough coat and are released when it breaks down

through this time, they remain alive but dormant until favorable

Front 39

autotroph

Back 39

able to produce all of their own organic compounds from inorganic sources

Front 40

photoautotrophs

Back 40

use light as a source of energy for the synthesis of organic compounds

Front 41

chemolithotrophs

Back 41

use energy obtained by chemical modifications of inorganic compounds to synthesize organic compounds

ex: nitrification and oxidation of sulfur, iron, hydrogen

Front 42

heterotroph

Back 42

organisms that require at least one organic compound, often from environment

Front 43

photoheterotroph

Back 43

use light energy to generate ATP but also take in organic compounds as a source of carbon

Front 44

chemoheterotrophs

Back 44

must obtain organic molecules for both energy and carbon source

Front 45

obligate aerobes

Back 45

require O2 to survive

Front 46

obligate anaerobes

Back 46

are poisoned by O2

Front 47

aerotolerant anaerobes

Back 47

do not use O2 but are not poisoned

Front 48

facultative anaerobes

Back 48

can use O2 via aerobic respiration, obtain energy via anaerobic fermentation, or use inorganic chemical reactions to obtain energy

Front 49

heterocytes

Back 49

specialized cells in cyanobacteria where oxygen concentrations are low where nitrogen fixation occurs

Front 50

producers

Back 50

use photosynthesis to synthesize organic compounds used by other organisms for food

Front 51

decomposers

Back 51

break down dead organisms and organic matter, releasing minerals for the uptake by living things

Front 52

methanotrophs

Back 52

bacteria that reduce methane concentrations, thus cooling the earth, require O2 to do this process

Front 53

pathogens

Back 53

disease causing organisms, typically requiring a host

Front 54

koch's postulates

Back 54

how to tell if disease causing; 4 steps

1. presence of pathogen must correlate with occurrence of symptoms

2. pathogen must be isolated and grown in culture

3. cells from culture should cause disease when inoculated into a healthy host

4. be able to isolate again from second host

Front 55

flagellates

Back 55

rapidly bend or straighten, eukaryotic flagella in protists

Front 56

ciliates

Back 56

use many tiny, hairlike extension to move, shorter and more numerous than flagellates

can allow for larger size and be buoyant

Front 57

amoebae motility

Back 57

uses pseudopodia, which are extended cytoplasm lobes

Front 58

phytoplankton

Back 58

small in size and float on surface of water due to need for photosynthesis

Front 59

periphyton

Back 59

attach themselves to underwater surfaces, since they don't need to float they can be larger than plankton

Front 60

seaweeds

Back 60

macro algae that attach to underwater surfaces and require sunlight

Front 61

7 supergroups of protists

Back 61

excavata, land plants and relatives, alveolata, stramenopila, rhizaria, amoebozoa, opisthokonta

Front 62

phagocytosis

Back 62

vesicle of plasma membrane surrounds food particle and pinches it off within the cytoplasm and break it down

basis for endosymbiosis; ate bacteria cell but didn't digest

Front 63

endosymbiont

Back 63

the one that lives in the larger species, taken up via phagocytosis wasn't digested

Front 64

tertiary plastids/endosymbiosis

Back 64

acquisition by hosts of plastids from calls possessing secondary plastids