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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is Chapter 23 about? |
Chapter 23 is about Poverty and Ethnicity. |
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What are the basic Headings of Chapter 23, Poverty and Ethnicity |
1. The negative effects of poverty 2. The psychological experience of poverty 3. The other side of the coin 4. The future of poverty 5. Poverty and Ethnicity |
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What other headings can we find in Chapter 23, Poverty and Ethnicity? |
6. Ethnicity 7. Definitions of related psychological concepts 8. Ethnicity as both social and psychological 9. Ethnicity is contested 10. Ethnicity relies on socio-cultural symbols |
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What other headings can we find in Chapter 23, Poverty and Ethnicity? |
11. Ethnicity sustains social inequality in time of conflict 12. The relationship between the social and the psychological 13. The racialisation of ethnicity 14. The politicisation of ethnicity |
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what are the negative effects of poverty? |
Poverty has physiological and psychological effects on people. Best to consider are the challenges poverty present and opportunity poverty takes away. The psychological effects occur through the experience/interaction and lack of resources from the environment. |
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How does the interaction with are resources from the environment influence a poor person? |
1. imbalance in diet and malnutrition 2. Working hours and infrastructure 3. Disease and healthcare 4. responsibilities, abuse and experiences |
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What can the imbalance of diet mean in the context of the poor? - malnutrtion |
The insufficiency of food can lead to malnutrition in children which can lead to disease, injury, hearing and visual issues and intellectual performance. - This can directly be linked to the high infant mortality rate [44.4 per 1000] and the low life expectancy of people [49 years] |
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How does poverty influence working hours and infrustructure |
Due to circumstance poor people need to work long hours to make basic income. Due to the low paying jobs, infrastructure becomes an issue as well with the poor having little access to running water, electricity and sanitation. Which can lead to health issues and underdevelopment. |
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How does poverty influence disease and healthcare? |
- Little infrastructure also means less/no access to healthcare which means untreated disease and illness like TB and HIV/AIDS (considered poverty illnesses) - Lack of infrastructure can also mean exposure to risk like burns from open fires and paraffin stoves. - Also important is the lack of facilities at under-budgeted medical/healthcare institutions |
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How does poverty influence responsibilities, abuse and experiences |
1. Due to working parents or parental death from disease the children often need to raise their siblings - sacrificing basic education 2. Crowded environments expose the individual to higher levels of risk associated with abuse, rape and basic crimes - gang-violence 3. Witnessing crimes/violence can have effects on the psychological (PTSD) |
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There are positive effects of the negative effects of poverty: These are: |
1. Development of positive skills through raising siblings 2. Resilience - the ability to thrive and mature in adverse circumstances - The people with resilience often come from caring homes, strong communities and places that encourage personal and social development |
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What is the psychological experience of Poverty? |
1. Hopelessness 2. Uncertainty about the Future 3. Alienation from mainstream society |
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How is hopelessness part of the psychological experience of poverty? |
Hopelessness arises from people perceiving themselves in a depressing situation with no escape. The common perception is that poor people can rise from despair through own efforts, however, these people lack network and resources. The term poverty trap explains this. |
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What is the poverty trap? |
The poverty trap is the circular process of poor remaining poor due to lack of opportunity, self-preservation skills and the right network that transcends the liner poverty line. People accept this and resign themselves to the idea of always being poor. Through support and community, resilience can be built to overcome difficult circumstances |
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How is uncertainty about the future a part of the psychological experience of poverty? |
This uncertainty is based around the lack of safety net that poor people experience. This lack of safety makes them more prone and vulnerable to economic shock, job loss, injury, victim-hood from crime and death There is however some support from burial societies, church etc. that provide resilience |
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how is Alienation from mainstream society a part of the psychological experience of poverty? |
This aspect of poverty addresses people's view on society and government, with critical view on the government and seeing economic crime as a means of survival and not crime. The also develop class consciousness - Karl Marx view on people's perception of relationships between wealth and power distribution in society |
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What is the other side of the coin in the context of poverty and ethnicity? |
1. Being rich is not a guarantee of well-being - Over time through the increased acquisition of money people were found to be less happy. This can be seen as psychological and social impoverishment. South Africa has attempted this wealth gain, irrespective of the possible effects, known as debt trap, consumer culture and Social capital |
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What is debt trap? |
Debt trap is an irrational behavior caused by consumer culture where the person spends more money than they have or earn, leading them into debt. |
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What is Consumer Culture? |
This is the social fantasy that the solution to one's problems lie in the purchasing of tangible and material things. Consumer culture is a form of psychological impoverishment because it takes away the importance of relationships and creates a sense of never having enough |
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What is Social Capital? |
Social Capital is explained as a form of stored wealth in the form of mutual trust and in networks, spaces and institutions of society. Social capital is linked with lower levels of crime and higher levels of health and achievement through its formal and informal approaches in schools and the streets. Often, the more material things, the less Social Capital |
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Why do people lose social capital in the place of material acquisition? |
People tend to replace process that included them in society with work, distractions and other directions of interest. |
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What is Capital Imperialism? |
Capital imperialism is another form of social/psychological impoverishment and explains the way stronger cultures impose their beliefs and ideas onto weaker cultures |
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What does the Future of Poverty look like? |
Society has been built on the exploitation of poorer people, however the future, with the effective utilization of technology can present ways to eradicate poverty. The utopia foreseen in the Freedom Charter remains within reach - which highlights people's right to live comfortably and have their children brought up safe and secure |
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What is Ethnicity? |
1. Common understandings vs reality |
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What are common understandings of ethnicity vs reality? |
1. Ethnicity is based on Biology where in fact ethnicity is the dynamic expression of a group identity based on social features like language, religion, customs, traditions and history 2. Because ethnicity is determined by social and historical changes in society it can be influenced by society and cultural phonomena |
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Ethnicity can lead to the: |
1. Acquisition of attitudes and stereotypes 2. translation into prejudices 3. discrimination and violence 4. establishment of inter-group hierarchies |
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Ethnicity can be explained through further concepts: |
1. Othering 2. Culture |
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What is Othering? |
This is where someone identifies them self as different, often with ideology that overlaps with the dominant group. This can be in the form of race, nationalism, anti-Semitism and anti-Islamism. Here, ethnicity can be defined by the shared cultural value with space for expression and communication |
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What is Culture? |
This concept refers to the information that people to interact with each other. Here the commonalities/propinquity include language, values, customs, belief systems, conversations and ideologies. Here the formation of ethnicity relies on the interpretation of this cultural information where the meaning of ethnicity is shaped by context, power relations, history and inequalities |
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What are the Psychological Concepts related Ethnicity?
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1. Ethnocentrism 2. Attitudes 3. Stereotypes 4. Prejudice 5. Discrimination |
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What is Ethnocentrism? |
This is the perception of self or ones own social group to be superior to another and subsequently harboring negative attitudes toward the out-group, and is often characterized by a collective history/memory. |
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What are Attitudes? |
- Attitudes are viewed as the product of an individuals mind, which is learnt, evaluated and deduced from verbal and visual behavior. - Attitude forms part of an individual's character. - Attitudes can also be seen as beliefs expressed by entire social groups as collective phenomena that address positive and negatives of out-groups. |
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What are Stereotypes? |
These are quick over-generalizations and often inaccurate accounts of social categories, out-groups and members of society. Although stereotypes can be positive, they display negative consequences that: 1. take away people's individuality 2. lead to narrow expectations of behavior 3. faulty over-generalized attributions of people |
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What are Prejudices? |
These are negative attitudes and feelings expressed toward out-groups which are based on irrational in-group beliefs and often lead to stereotypes. Ethnic prejudice exists in relation to ethnic groups where social inequality or conflict is/was experienced |
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What is Discrimination? |
This is defined by the actions arising from attitudes, stereotypes and prejudices towards out-groups. Here the results are privilege, status and power of one group at the expense of another and can result in perceived legitimized violence. Ethnic prejudice refers to the social practice contributing to the unequal access of resources |
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What is meant with ethnicity is contested? |
This means that ethnicity is not fixed or consistent as it is shaped by society and social categories. People are often falsely identified as part of a certain ethnic group. |
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What does Ethnicity relying on socio-cultural symbols mean? |
Ethnicity is linked to symbols in society, which can be in the form of: 1. language' 2. cultural rituals and symbols 3. patriotic talk and emotion |
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How does Ethnicity sustain social inequality in times of conflict? |
When situations of conflict arise between groups, stereotyping, prejudices, attitudes and discrimination become forces that drive social inequality because inequality becomes the defining factor separating groups from each other. Dis-empowered groups become political rallying points and empowered groups become political suppression points in society. |
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What is the relationship between the social and the psychological? |
We look at - Ideology and its functions and then - how ideology, ethnicity and psychology exist in the same context. |
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What is Ideology and its functions? |
1. ideology is a system of beliefs reflected in all social practices like in the laws of society and how people talk. 2. Ideologies tend to be adopted by societies an thus people take these into their own system of beliefs and subsequently behave and speak in its ways. People are however, active agents and have the ability to develop new ideologies |
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How are Ethnicity related with Ideology and Psychology? |
- racism, physical features determine ethnicity - nationalism, citizenship determines ethnicity - anti-semitism, heritage determines ethnicity - anti-islamism, religion determines ethnicity WRONG - these are ideologies not ethnicity they help maintain inequality in society and expression of certain attitudes. This differentiation is caused by psychological processes arranged around characteristics |
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How does the racialisation through ethnicity occur? |
Biological differences are used to define ethnicity in the form of in-group and out-groups. Race is however not an accepted ethnic construct but this classification occurs often in societies and people's ideologies |
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Race is an ideology which can defined as the following: |
1. It is dated back to colonization and slavery 2. People are divided into groups based on biological characteristics 3. racism is used for social oppression and economic exploitation 4. It is reflected in less formalized settings 5. It, as an ideology, attempts to minimize potential conflict from group differences by providing a social order |
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What is the relationship between racism and ethnicity? |
1. Racism informs the defining factors of ethnicity 2. racism and Ethnicity are often presumed to be identical in meaning - It can be identified that people interchange the use of the terms to differentiate sets of people from each other 3. Ethnicity and ethnic groups start taking on meanings attributed to racial groups |
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What is the downside of the interconnected relationship between ethnicity and race? |
Racialisation of ethnicity can create deep ethnic division in society, opposing unity and harmony. |
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What is the politicisation of ethnicity? |
Here we take a look at three contexts: 1. Anti-Islamism and ethnicity 2. Anti-Semitism and ethnicity 3.. Nationalism and ethnicity |
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The politicisation of ethnicity in Anti-Islam context |
1. Historically, ideologies have been used to discriminate and dominate the Muslims 2. History depicts them as dark skinned, barbaric, violent Turks following deviant religion 3. They were seen as a threat to Europe and discriminated against 4. They are perceived as dangerous and the provision for the US invasion into Afganistan |
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The politicisation of ethnicity in the Anti-Semitic context |
In European history where Hitler's ethnocentrism led to prejudice, stereotypes and negative attitudes that led to the discrimination and murder of Millions of Jews and other out-groups |
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The politicisation of ethnicity in Nationalisation |
Here the example of Tutsi vs Hutu comes into play. The Tsutsi, established by the Belgian led to the genocide in Rwanda. |
