Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the first function of the kidneys?
|
1. filter blood plasma, separate wastes from useful chemicals, and eliminate wastes while returning the rest to the bloodstream.
|
|
|
What is the second function of the kidneys?
|
2. Regulated blood volume and pressure by eliminating or conserving water.
|
|
|
What is the third function of the kidneys?
|
3. Regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids by controlling the relative amounts of water and solutes eliminated.
|
|
|
What is the fourth function of the kidneys?
|
4.Secrete the enzyme renin, which activates the hormal mechanisms that control bp and electrolyte balance
|
|
|
What is the fifth function of the kidneys?
|
5. Secrete the hormone erythropoieten, which controls the rbc count and oxygen carring capacity of the blood
|
|
|
What is the sixth function of the kidneys?
|
6. function with the lungs to regulate the PCO2 and acid-base balance of the body fluids
|
|
|
What is the seventh function of the kidneys?
|
7. Contribute to calcium homeostasis through their role in synthesizing calcitrol
|
|
|
What is the eighth function of the kidneys?
|
8. Detoxify free radicals and drugs with the use of peroxisomes
|
|
|
What is the ninth function of the kidneys?
|
9. In times of starvation, carry out gluconeogensis, deanimate amino acids, excrete the amino group as ammonia and synthesize glucose from the rest of the molecule
|
|
|
Waste
|
any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body's needs
|
|
|
metabolic waste
|
a waste substance produced by the body
|
|
|
Nitrogenous wastes
|
Small nitrogen-containing compounds. If allowed to accumulate some of the most toxic examples
|
|
|
About 50% of the nitrogenous was is this? A by-product of protein catabolism
|
Urea
|
|
|
Nitrogenous wastes found in the urine which are produced by the catabolism of nucleic acids and creating phosphate respectively?
|
Uric acid and creatinin
|
|
|
What is the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood expressed as?
|
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
|
|
|
What is an abnormally elevated BUN called?
|
azotemia
|
|
|
What might an abnormally elevated BUN indicate?
|
renal insufficiency
|
|
|
A syndrome of diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, and cardiac arrhythmia steming from toxic effects of nitrogenous wastes.
|
uremia
|
|
|
The process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them
|
excretion
|
|
|
What is the first step in excretion?
|
1. the repiratory systems excretes CO2 is small amounts of other gases and water
|
|
|
What is the second step in excretion?
|
2. the integumentary system excretes waster, inorgainic salts, lactic acid, and urea in sweat
|
|
|
What is the third step in excretion?
|
3. the digestive system eliminates food residue, water, salts, co2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol, other metabolic wastes
|
|
|
What is the fourth step in excretion?
|
4. the urinary system excretes a broad variety of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions, and water
|
|
|
The kidney is a compound tubule containing about 1.2 million functional excretory units called?
|
nephrons
|
|
|
The medial surface of the kidney has a slit called _____? Where is recieves renal nerves, blood vessels, lympatics and ureter.
|
hilum
|
|
|
What are the three layters of connective tissue that protect the kidneys?
|
1. renal fascia
2. adipose capsule 3. renal capsule |
|
|
A fibrous layer, immediatly deep to the parietal peritoneum, binds the kidney and associated organs to the abdominal wall
|
renal fascia
|
|
|
A layer of fat, cushions the kidneys and holds them in place
|
adipose capsule
|
|
|
a fibrous sac, encloses the kidney like a cellophane wrapper anochored at the hilum, proetects from trauma and infection
|
renal capsule
|
|
|
Glandular tissue that forms the urine-appears c-shapped in the frontal section
|
renal parenchyma
|
|
|
encircled by the renal parenchyma, a medial space occupied by blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and urine-collecting structures
|
renal sinus
|
|
|
What are the two zones of the renal parachyma?
|
renal cortex (outer)
and renal medulla (inner) |
|
|
Extensions of the cortex that project toward the sinus and divide the medulla
|
renal columns
|
|
|
The renal columns divide the medulla into 6-10 of these?
|
renal pyramids
|
|
|
The blunt point of the renal pyramid that faces the sinus
|
renal papilla
|
|
|
One pyramid and overlying cortex constitute a ____?
|
lobe
|
|
|
What is the papilla of each renal pyramid nestled in?
|
a cup called minor calyx
|
|
|
two or three minor calyx make a what?
|
major calyx
|
|
|
two or three major calces converge in the sinus to make a funnel-like what?
|
renal pelvis
|
|
|
Each kidney is supplied by a ____, which arises from the arota.
|
Renal artery
|
|
|
Just before or after entering the the hilum, the renal artery divides into a few _____?
|
segmental arteries
|
|
|
Each segmental artery give rise to a few ____? Which prenetrates each renal colum and travels between the pyramids towards the corticomedullary junction.
|
interlobar artery
|
|
|
Interlobular arteries branches to form _____ which make a sharp 90 degree bend and travel along the base of the pyramid
|
arcuate artery
|
|
|
Arcuate arteries give rise to several _____ which pass upward into the cotex.
|
interlobular arteries
|
|
|
A series of _____ arise from an interlobular artery that ascends through the cortex.
|
afferant arterioles
|
|
|
What is an abnormally elevated BUN called?
|
azotemia
|
|
|
What might an abnormally elevated BUN indicate?
|
renal insufficiency
|
|
|
A syndrome of diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, and cardiac arrhythmia steming from toxic effects of nitrogenous wastes.
|
uremia
|
|
|
The process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them
|
excretion
|
|
|
What is the first step in excretion?
|
1. the repiratory systems excretes CO2 is small amounts of other gases and water
|
|
|
What is the second step in excretion?
|
2. the integumentary system excretes wastes, inorgainic salts, lactic acid, and urea in sweat
|
|
|
What is the third step in excretion?
|
3. the digestive system eliminates food residue, water, salts, co2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol, other metabolic wastes
|
|
|
What is the fourth step in excretion?
|
4. the urinary system excretes a broad variety of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions, and water
|
|
|
The kidney is a compound tubule containing about 1.2 million functional excretory units called?
|
nephrons
|
|
|
The medial surface of the kidney has a slit called _____? Where is recieves renal nerves, blood vessels, lympatics and ureter.
|
hilum
|
|
|
What are the three layters of connective tissue that protect the kidneys?
|
1. renal fascia
2. adipose capsule 3. renal capsule |
|
|
A fibrous layer, immediatly deep to the parietal peritoneum, binds the kidney and associated organs to the abdominal wall
|
renal fascia
|
|
|
A layer of fat, cushions the kidneys and holds them in place
|
adipose capsule
|
|
|
a fibrous sac, encloses the kidney like a cellophane wrapper anochored at the hilum, proetects from trauma and infection
|
renal capsule
|
|
|
Glandular tissue that forms the urine-appears c-shapped in the frontal section
|
renal parenchyma
|
|
|
The renal parachyma encircles a medial space, occupied by blood and lympatic vessels, nerves and urine collecting structures
|
renal sinus
|
|
|
What 2 zones divide the renal parenchyma
|
1. an outer renal cortex
2. inner renal medulla |
|
|
These are extensions of the cortex that project toward the sinus and divide the medulla
|
renal columns
|
|
|
Renal columns divide the medulla into 6-10 of these
|
renal pyramids
|
|
|
the blunt point of the pyramid is called
|
renal pailla
|
|
|
one pyramid and the overlying cortex is called ____
|
one lobe of the kidney
|
|
|
A cup that collects urine in which the pailla of each pyramid is nestled in is called ______
|
minor calyx
|
|
|
two or three minor calyces form a _____
|
major calyx
|
|
|
two or three major calyces form a ____
|
renal pelvis
|
|
|
the _______ is a tubular continuation to the urinary bladder
|
ureter
|
|
|
arising from the arota each kidney is supplied by a
|
renal artery
|
|
|
the renal arteries divide into a few
|
segemental arteries
|
|
|
each segemenal artery gives rise to a few
|
interlobar arteries
|
|
|
a series of what arise from an interlobar artery as it ascends through the cortex
|
afferent arterioles
|
|
|
a speroidla mass of cappliaries in which one nephron leads to
|
glomerulus
|
|
|
the glomerulus is drained by a
|
efferent arteriole
|
|
|
afferent and efferent arterioles contact the first part of the distal convoluted tubule to form
|
juxtaglomerular appartus
|
|
|
a device that enaples a nephron to monitor and stabilize its own performance and compensate for fluctions in bp
|
juxtaglomerular appartus
|
|
|
the efferent arteriole leads to a plexus of ____ named fr the fact that they form a network around the renal tubules
|
peritublar capillaries
|
|
|
From the peritubular capillaries what is the order of blood flow?
|
interlobular veins, arcurate veins, interlobar veins and then renal veins
|
|
|
a network of vessels that supplies the renal blood flow
|
vasa recta
|
|
|
these arise from the superior mesenteric ganglion and enter the hilum of each kidney
|
renal nerves
|
|
|
these nerves consist of mostly sympatslehetic fibers that regulate the blood flow into and our of each nephron
|
renal nerves
|
|
|
a functional unit contained in the kidney (1.2 million)
|
nephron
|
|
|
what are the 2 principle parts of a nephron?
|
1. renal corpus
2. a long renal tube |
|
|
Where blood plasma is filtered in the kidney
|
renal corpuslce
|
|
|
Processes the filtered blood plasma into urine
|
long renal tubule
|
|
|
What does the renal corpusle consist of?
|
1. glomerulus
2. glomerular capsule (Bowman's) |
|
|
the fluid that filters from the glomerular capillaries
|
glomerular filtrate
|
|
|
glomerular filtrate collects in the capsular space between that _____ and _____ layers and then flow into the renal tubule
|
parietal and visceral
|
|
|
afferenter arterial enters the capsule, bringing blood to the glomerous and the efferent arteriole exits here
|
vascular pole
|
|
|
Here the parietal wall of the capsule turns away from the corpsucle and gives rise to the renal tubule
|
urinary pole
|
|
|
A duct that leads away from the glomerular capsule and ends ar the tip f a medullary pyramid
|
renal (uriniferous) tubule
|
|
|
What are the 4 parts of the renal tubule
|
1. proximal convuluted tubule
2. nephron loop 3. distal convoluted tubule 4. collecting duct |
|
|
Arises from the glomerular capsule, the longest & most coiled of the renal tubule
|
proximal convuluted tubule (PCT)
|
|
|
The PCT straightens out to form a long U-shaped ____
|
Nephron Loop (loop of Henle)
|
|
|
What is the order of secretions of the nephron?
|
descending limb
ascending limb thick segments thin segment |
|
|
What is the flow the fluid from the point where urine leaves the body
|
1. glomerular capsule
2. PCT 3. DCT 4. collecting duct 5. papillary duct 6. minor calyx 7. major calyx 8. renal pelvis 9. ureter 10. urinary bladder 11. urethra |
|
|
What are nephrons just beneath the renal capsule, close to the kidney surface called?
|
cortical nephrons
|
|
|
What are nephrons close to he medulla called?
|
juxtamedullary nephrons
|
|
|
What are the 3 stages that the kideny converts blood plasma to urine?
|
1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption & secretion 3. water conservation |
|
|
creates a plasmalike filtrate of the blood
|
glomerular filtration
|
|
|
removes useful solutes from the filtrate and returns them to the blood
|
tubular reabsorption
|
|
|
removed additional wastes from the blood and adds them to the filtrate
|
tubular secretion
|
|
|
removes water from the urine and returns it to the blood, concentrates wastes
|
water convervation
|
|
|
What are the three barriers that constitue the filtration membrane"
|
1. fenestrated endothelium of the cappliarry
2. basement membrane 3. filtration slits |
|
|
Endothelial cells that are honeycombed w/ large filtration paore about 70-90nm. Highly permiable, small enough to exclude blood cells from the filtrate
|
fenestrated endothelium of the cappliary
|
|
|
Consists of a proteoglycan gel, a few particles may penetrate its small spaces, most don't anything larger that 8 nm would be held back
|
basement membrane
|
|
|
a podocyte of the glomerular capsule shaped somewhat like an octupus. somewhat like wrapping your fingers tightly around a pipe.
|
filtration slits
|
|
|
Almost any molecule smaller that 3nm can pass freely through the filtration membrane, including:
|
water, elecrolytes, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, and vitamins
|
|
|
the pressense of protein (especially albumin) in the urine, may be a sign of kidney disease
|
proteinuria
|
|
|
the pressesnce of blood in the urnie, may be a sign of kidney disease
|
hematuria
|
|
|
What are the significant differences in the magnitude of the forces involved in glomerular filtration as compared to other filtrations in the body?
|
1. The blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)is much higher
2. the hydrostatic pressure is the capsular space is around 18mm Hg compared to neg #'s elsewhere 3. the colloid osmotic pressure is around the same 32mmHg 4. the glomerular filtrate is almost protein free and has no significant COP |
|
|
What effect does hypertension have on the glomerrular cappilaries and the kidneys?
|
it can rupture the glomerular cappilaries and lead to scarring in the kidneys
|
|
|
The amount of filstrate formed per minute by the 2 kidneys combines
|
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
|
|
|
How can the GFR be adjusted from movement to movement?
|
change the glomerular bp
|
|
|
What 3 homeostatic mechanisms can change the glomerular bp?
|
1.renal autoregulation
2. sympathetic control 3. hormonal control |
|
|
What is the abiliy of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR w/out external (nervous or hormonal) control?
|
renal autoregulation
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched?
|
Myogenic Mechanism
|
|
|
What is the mechanism where the juxtoglmerular appartus monitors the fluid enetering the distal convuluted tubule and adjusts the GFR to maintain homeostasis
|
Tubuloglomerular feedback
|
|
|
What are enlarged smooth muscle cells found in the afferent aeteriole and to some extent in the efferent ateriole?
|
juxtaglomerular cells
|
|
|
What is a patch of slender, closely spaced epithelial cells at the start of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), directly across from the JG cells
|
macula densa
|
|
|
These cells found in the cleft between the afferent and efferent arterioles and among capillaries of the glomerulus. There roll is not clearly understood.
|
mesengial cells
|
|
|
What are the 2 important points about autoregulation?
|
1. it does not completely prevent changes in the GFR
2. it cannot completely compensate for extreme bp variations |
|
|
The autoregulaiton maintains a _______ the GFR fluctuates w/in a narrow limit
|
dynamic equilibrium
|
|
|
A drop in bp, the sympathetic nerves stimulate the JG cells to secrete this enzyme
|
renin
|
|
|
Renin acts on what plasma protein, to remove a fragment called angiotensin I?
|
angitensinogen
|
|
|
A chain of 10 amino acids
|
angiotensin I
|
|
|
What removes 2 or more amino acids from angiotensin I, converting it to angiotensin II?
|
angiotensin-converting enzyme or (ACE)
|
|
|
Name the multple effects of angiotensisn II.
|
1. stimulates vasoconstriction
2. constricts afferent & efferent arterioles 3. strongly stimulates NaCl & water reabsorption 4. stimulates the adrenal cortext to secrete aldosterone 5. stimulates the secretion of ADH 6. stimulates the sense of thirst |
|
|
Trace the course of the tubular fluid
|
nephron
pct dct |
|
|
the process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood
|
tubular reabsorption
|
|
|
What are the two routes for reabsorption in the PCT?
|
1. transcellular
2. paracellular |
|
|
The route in which substance pass throught the cytoplasm and out the base of te epithieal cells
|
transcellular route
|
|
|
The route in which substances pass between epithelial cells.
|
paracellular route
|
|
|
Why is sodium absorption the key to everyhing else?
|
beacause it creates an osmotic and electrical gradiant that drives the reabsorption of water and other solutes.
|
|
|
What route reabsorbs sodium?
|
transcellular and paracellular routes
|
|
|
In the first half of the pct sodium is absorbed by several symport proteins that simutaneously bind to what, in order to transport them?
|
glucose,amino acids, phosphate or lactae
|
|
|
In the pct where is the Cl- concentration high?
|
second half of the proximal tube,
|
|
|
Why is sodium uptake possible?
|
because the Na+ conventration in the tubule cells is much lower than in the tubular fluid
|
|
|
What route is Cl- reabsorbed?
|
paracellular and transcellular
|
|
|
Reabsorption of Cl- is favored by what two factors?
|
1. neg Cl- tends to follow Na+ by eletrical attration
2. water reabsorption raises Cl- concentration in the tubular fluid, creating a gradiant |
|
|
How is glucose transported?
|
it is cotransported with Na+ by carriers called sodium-glucose transport proteins (SGLTS)
|
|
|
Urea diffuses through _____ with _____
|
tubule epithelium
water |
|
|
The nephron as a whole reabsorbs how much of the urea in the tubular fluid?
|
40-60%
|
|
|
Creatine is filtered by _____ and excreted in the _____
|
glomerulus
urine |
|
|
Trancellular absorption occurs by way of water channels called
|
aquaporins
|
|
|
Water in the pct is reabsorbed at a constant rate called____
|
obligatory water reabsorption
|
|
|
What are the 2 mechanisms for capillary absorption
|
1. osmosis
2. solvent drag |
|
|
What 3 factors promote osmosis into capillaries?
|
1. accumulation of reabsorbed fluid creates aa high intersitial pressure
2. the narrowness of the efferent arteriole lowers the blood hydrostatic pressure 3. the blood has a high COP |
|
|
Dissolved solutes enter the cappilaries this way, the "water" drags them in with it.
|
solvent drag
|
|
|
the maximum rate of reabsorption is ____ it is reached when all the transporters are saturated
|
transport maximum
|
|
|
When more glucose is filtered than can be reabsorbed, we see excess glucose in the urine, a condition called
|
glycosuria
|
|
|
A process in which the renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary blood and scevretes them into he tubular fluid
|
tubular secreation
|
|
|
Tubular secreation has 2 purposes in the PCT and nephron loop
|
1. Waste removal
2. acid-base balance |
|
|
What is the primary function of the nephron loop?
|
to generate a salinity gradient that enables the collecting duct to concentrate the urine and conserve water
|
|
|
What 2 cells are found in the DCT and collecting duct?
|
principal cells and intercalated cells
|
|
|
This is a "salt-retaining hormone" a steroid secreated by the adrenal cortex when the blood Na+ concentration falls or its K+ rises
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
How does a drop in bp indirectly induces aldosterone secretion?
|
the kidney secretes renin, this produces angiotensin II and agiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion
|
|
|
This hormone is secreted by the atrial myocardium of the heart in respone to high bp.
|
atrial natrieretic peptide
|
|
|
What are the 4 actions ANP produce that result in the excretion of more salt and water in the urine?
|
1. it dilated the aff. art. and constricts the eff. art. increasing the glomerular filtration
2. it antagonizes the angitensin-aldosterone mechanism by inhibiting renin & aldosterone secretion 3. it inhibits ADH secretion and it's action on the kidney 4. it inhibit NaCl reabsorption by the collecting ducts |
|
|
This is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to dehydration and rising bp
|
ADH
|
|
|
This makes the collecting duct more permeable to water, so water in the tubular fluid reenters the tissue fluid and bloodstream rather than being lost in the urine
|
ADH
|
|
|
Hypocalcemia stimulates ______ to secrete PTH
|
parathryoid glands
|
|
|
The kidney eliminates wastes and prevents _____ to support the body's fluid balance
|
excessive water loss
|
|
|
This begins in the cortex, where it received tubular fluid from nermerous nephrons
|
collecting duct
|
|
|
This the bodys response to drinking large amounts of water
|
diuresis
|
