Chapter 23

Front 1

Upper Respiratory System

Back 1

Nose, pharynx

Front 2

Lower Respiratory System

Back 2

Larynx, trachia, bronci, lungs

Front 3

Conducting Zone does what? what structures are assosiated with it?

Back 3

Conducts air to the lungs, nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

Front 4

Respiratory Zone does what?
Structures?

Back 4

Main sight of gas exchange; respiratory bronchis, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveroli

Front 5

Nose; Functions

Back 5

Cleans
Humidifies
Speech
Olfactioin

Front 6

Pharynx; Functions

Back 6

Air and food passageway
Resonating Chamber
Houses tonsils

Front 7

Larynx Function

Back 7

Sound production
opening to lungs, glottis

Front 8

Trachea
location
layers
rings?

Back 8

extends from larynx to T5
Mucosa
Submucosa
Hyline Cartildge
Adventitia
16-20 C shaped rings of cartildge

Front 9

Bronchi

Back 9

Right and left primary bronchi goes to right lung.
Divide to form bronchi tree

Front 10

Carina

Back 10

interal ridge of bronchi

Front 11

Structural changes with branching bronchi

Back 11

mucus membrane changes
incomple rings become plates then disapear
as cartidge decreases smooth muscle increases
Sympathetic:relaxation/dialation
Parasympathetic:contraction/constriction

Front 12

Lung

Back 12

seperated by eachother by the heart
each lung has a double layer pleural membrane

Front 13

Parietal Pleura

Back 13

lines wall of thorasic cavity

Front 14

Viseral Pleura

Back 14

covers the lung

Front 15

Pulmonary Ventilation

Back 15

Breathing
inhalation/exhalation
exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli

Front 16

External Respiration

Back 16

exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood

Front 17

Internal respiration

Back 17

exchange between systemic blood capllarys and blood tissue
makes ATP

Front 18

Diaphram

Back 18

most important muscle of inhalation
responisble for 75% of air going to lungs

Front 19

External intercoastals

Back 19

responsible for 25% of air going to lungs

Front 20

What happens when the thorax expands?

Back 20

parietal and viseral pleura adhere to eachother due to subatmospheric pressure and suface tension

Front 21

Pressure in lungs is greater then

Back 21

Atmospheric Pressure

Front 22

Normally Passive

Back 22

Muscle relaxtion

Front 23

What is the normally passive process based on? how does it work?

Back 23

based on the elastic recoil of chest wall and lung from elastic fibers surface tension

Front 24

During exhalation what do the diaphram and intercoastals do?

Back 24

Diaphram relaxes and becomes dome shaped
Intercoastals relax and ribs drop down

Front 25

Exhalation is only active during..

Back 25

forcefull contraction

Front 26

Boyles Law

Back 26

States that as volume increase pressure decrease or vice versal
During inhalation: the diaphram contracts, lungs move outward and there is an increase in alveolar pressure
During exhalation; diaphram relaxes, lungs recoil inward, decrease in alveolar pressure

Front 27

Daltons Law

Back 27

every gas in a mixture of gases has its own partial pressure as if there were no other gasses.

Front 28

Partial Pressure

Back 28

Pressure of a specific gas

Front 29

Total Pressure

Back 29

sum of all the partial pressures

Front 30

Atmospheric pressure

Back 30

760mmHg. what are the partial pressures involved?

Front 31

Henrys Law

Back 31

quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressures and solubiltiys of that gas

Front 32

What will the gas do if it has a high partial pressure and high solubilty?

Back 32

It will stay in the solution

Front 33

Why does CO2 dissolve in blood better than O2?

Back 33

It is 24 times soluble than O2

Front 34

How come we breathe in N2 more than any other gas but it does not stay in our blood?

Back 34

it is not very soluble

Front 35

External Respiration
Oxygen diffusion

Back 35

Only in the lungs
o2 diffuses from alveolar air (105) to pulmonary capillaries (40)

Front 36

during external respiration, o2 diffuses untill..

Back 36

the p02 of pulmonary cap. (40) reaches the same p02 of alveolar air (150)

Front 37

What does the small amount of mixing with respiratory system do to the pulmonary veins?

Back 37

drops the Po2 to 100

Front 38

What is CO2 doing during external respiration?

Back 38

diffusing from pulmonary capillaries(45) to alveolar air (40)

Front 39

When will the diffusion of CO2 of external respiration stop?

Back 39

when the pCO2 of the blood reaches 40

Front 40

Internal Respiration
Diffusion of O2

Back 40

O2 diffuses from systemic capillarys(100) to tissue cells (40)

Front 41

why is there such a difference in po2 with internal respiration

Back 41

becasue it is constantly making ATP

Front 42

Internal Respiration;
what does blood do till when it exits the system capillaries?

Back 42

Its po2 drops to 40mmhg

Front 43

CO2 diffusion of Internal Respiration

Back 43

co2 diffuses from tissue cells (45) to systemic capillaries (40)
it is constanly making CO2

Front 44

At rest, how much O2 is used?

Back 44

25%

Front 45

how much does deoxygentated blood retain of its oxygen capacity?

Back 45

75%

Front 46

during external respiration, o2 diffuses untill..

Back 46

the p02 of pulmonary cap. (40) reaches the same p02 of alveolar air (150)

Front 47

What does the small amount of mixing with respiratory system do to the pulmonary veins?

Back 47

drops the Po2 to 100

Front 48

What is CO2 doing during external respiration?

Back 48

diffusing from pulmonary capillaries(45) to alveolar air (40)

Front 49

When will the diffusion of CO2 of external respiration stop?

Back 49

when the pCO2 of the blood reaches 40

Front 50

Internal Respiration
Diffusion of O2

Back 50

O2 diffuses from systemic capillarys(100) to tissue cells (40)

Front 51

why is there such a difference in po2 with internal respiration

Back 51

becasue it is constantly making ATP

Front 52

Internal Respiration;
what does blood do till when it exits the system capillaries?

Back 52

Its po2 drops to 40mmhg

Front 53

CO2 diffusion of Internal Respiration

Back 53

co2 diffuses from tissue cells (45) to systemic capillaries (40)
it is constanly making CO2

Front 54

At rest, how much O2 is used?

Back 54

25%

Front 55

how much does deoxygentated blood retain of its oxygen capacity?

Back 55

75%

Front 56

What does Gas Exchange Depend on?

Back 56

Partial Pressures of gases
Surface Area
Diffusion distance
molecular weight and solubility

Front 57

Alveolar pressure must be WHAT compared to Blood P02 for diffusion to occur?

Back 57

greater

Front 58

What is the most important factor that determines how much O2 binds to hemoglobin?

Back 58

the PO2. The higher the PO2 the more O2 binds to hemoglobin

Front 59

Fully Saturated

Back 59

means that hemoglobin is completley converted to ohyhemoglobin

Front 60

Percent Saturated of Hemoglobin

Back 60

the average saturation of oxygen with hemoglobin

Front 61

In pulmonary capilaries O2 loads or unloads onto a hemoglobin

Back 61

load

Front 62

in tissues, 02 loads or unloads with Hb

Back 62

unloads

Front 63

Other factors that affect affinity of hemoglbin for oxygen

Back 63

Acidity
PCO2
Tempurature

Front 64

Acidity

Back 64

as acidity increases (pH decreases) the more O2 unloads off of hemoglobin
-increased acidity enhances unloading
-shift curves to the right

Front 65

PCO2

Back 65

as PCO2 rises, Hb unloads O2 more easily
-shifts to the right
-Low blood pH can result from high PCO2

Front 66

Tempurature

Back 66

As temp increases the affinity for hemoglobin and oxygen decreases O2 is released
high temp-shift to the right
low temp-shift to the left

Front 67

2,3 Biphosphoglycerate (BPG)

Back 67

formed in RBC in glycolysis
helps unload O2 by binding with Hb

Front 68

CO2 Transport

Back 68

-7% is dissolved in plasma
-23% carbamino acid, carbamindohemoglobin
-70% transported as bicarbonare ion
HCO3

Front 69

Respiratory Structures In BrainStem

Back 69

Medullary respiratory center
Pontine respiratory groups

Front 70

Medullary Respiratory Center
(dorsal, ventral)

Back 70

Dorsal groups stimulte diaphram
Ventral groups stimulate intercoastals and abdominals

Front 71

Pontine Respiratory Group

Back 71

involved in the switching of insparation and expiration

Front 72

Modification of Ventilation

Back 72

Apnea
Hyperventilaion
Cerebral and limbic system

Front 73

Apnea

Back 73

censation of breathing can be consciously controlled

Front 74

Hyperventilation

Back 74

causes decrease in blood PCO2 level
Fainting
Peripheral vasodialation causes decrease in BP

Front 75

Chemoreceptors

Back 75

specialized nuerons that respond to changes in chemicals in solution

Front 76

Central Chemoreceptors

Back 76

chemosensitive area of the medulla; connected to respiratory center

Front 77

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Back 77

corotid and aortic bodies; connected to respiratory center by cranial nerves IXand X

Front 78

Chemosensitive areas responde ___ through changes in CO2

Back 78

Indirectly

Front 79

Peripheral Chem. responde ____-through changes of pH

Back 79

directly

Front 80

Hypoxia

Back 80

decrease in oxygen levels below normal values