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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do nonspecific defenses do?
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Always work the same way, against any type of invaders
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What are 7 types of Nonspecific Resistance
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1. Physical barriers
2. Phagocytic cells 3. Immunological surveillance 4. interferons 5. Complement 6. Inflammation 7. Fever |
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What do specific defenses do?
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Protect against specific pathogens
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How do nonspecific and specific defenses work together?
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They operate together to provide resistance to infection and disease
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What do physical barriers do?
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Keep hazardous materials outside the body
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What are phagocytes?
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Attack and remove dangerous microorganisms
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What does immunological surveillance do?
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Constantly monitors normal tissues with NK cells
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What do interferons trigger production of?
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antiviral proteins in normal cells
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What are antiviral proteins?
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do not kill viruses, block replication in cell
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What do complement proteins form?
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the complement system
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What does inflammation trigger?
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a complex inflammatory response
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What is a fever? What effects does it have on the body?
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a high body temperature.
It increases metabolism, accelerates defenses, inhibits viruses and bacteria |
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What are physical barriers?
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Outer layer of skin and hair
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Whata are 2 classes of phagocytes?
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1. Microphages: neutrophils and eosinophils
2. Macrophages: large phagocytic cells derived from monocytes |
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Microphages leave what and enter what?
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Leave bloodstream, enter tissues to fight infection
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What are 2 types of macrophages?
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1. Fixed macrophages: stay in specific tissues or organs
2. Free macrophages: travel thru bloodstream |
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What do NK cells do?
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Identifies and attaches to abnormal cells. Attack cancer cells and cells infected with viruses.
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What do cells infected with viruses do?
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present abnormal proteins on cell membranes
allow NK cells to identify and destroy them |
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What are interferons?
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proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages
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What are cytokines?
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Chemical messangers released by tissue cells
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How many special complement proteins does plasma contain?
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11
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What 2 pathways activate the complement system?
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classical pathway and alternative pathway
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Which pathway is the fast method?
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Classical Pathway
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What is the Alternative Pathway?
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the slow method
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What are the 4 effects of complement activation?
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1. stimulation of inflammation
2. attraction of phagocytes 3. enhancement of phagocytosis 4. destruction of target cell membranes |
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What is inflammation?
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a localized response that is triggered by any stimulus that kills cells or injures tissues
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What are cardinal signs and symptoms?
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swelling, redness, heat, and pain
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What are products of inflammation?
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Necrosis: local tissue destruction in area of injury
Pus: mixture of debris and necrotic tissue Abscess: pus accumulated in an enclosed space |
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What temperature is considered a fever?
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above 37°C/99°F
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What is specific resistance?
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immunity
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What are T cells?
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defend against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells
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What are B cells?
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defend against antigens and pathogens in body fluids?
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What form of immunity is present at birth?
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Innate
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What form or immunity is present after birth?
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Acquired
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What is naturally acquired active immunity?
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thru environmental exposure to pathogens
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What is induced active immunity?
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acqured thru vaccines containing pathogens
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What is naturally aquired passive immunity?
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antibodies aquired from mother
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What is induced passive immunity?
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by injection of antibodies
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What are 4 properties of immunity?
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1. specificity
2. versatility 3. memory 4. tolerance |
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What is specificity?
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each T or B cell responds only to a specific antigen and ignores all the others
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What is versatility?
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The body produces many types of lymphocytes, each fighting a different kind of antigen
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What is memory?
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Some active lymphocutes stay in circulation and provide immunity against new exposure
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What is tolerance?
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immune system ignores normal antigens
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When does a fetus produce immune response?
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after exposure to antigen, at about 3-4 months
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What happens during the development of immunological competence?
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fetal thymus cells form T cells
liver and bone marrow produce B cells 4 month fetus produces IgM antibodies |
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What happens to the maternal IgG antibodies before birth?
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pass thru placenta and provide passive immunity to fetus
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What is autoimmune disorders?
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a malfunction of system that recognizes and ignores normal antigens
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What are immunodeficiency diseases?
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1. problems with embryological development oh lymphoid tissues
2. viral infections 3. immunosuppressive drugs or radiation |
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What are allergies?
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inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens
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What is Anaphylaxis?
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difficulty breathing that could cause circulatory collapse, affects cells thruout body, produces hives on skin, can be fatal.
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What do antihistamine drugs do?
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block histamine. can relieve mild symptoms of hypersensitivity
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What is glucocorticoids?
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long term secretion that inhibits immune response and lowers resistance to disease
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What are the 4 effects of aging on immune response?
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1. thymic hormone production greatly reduced
2. T cells become less responsive to antigens 3. Fewer T cells reduce responsiveness of B cells 4. immune surveillance against tumor cells declines |
