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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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______ theory was the one accepted during Darwin's time |
Lamarck
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If a species used a characteristic, it would magnify in the ______, not the _______
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population, individual
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A profound genetic or characteristic change in a population
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evolution
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Profound genetic or characteristic change in an individual
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Adaptation
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_______ states as a species requires new characteristcs, they will acquire it
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Theory of acquired characteristics
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An example of an acquired characteristic is
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giraffes and their necks
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____ tested Lamarck's theory by cutting the tails off of mice
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Weisman
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The central dogma of DNA is that you can't modify ______ in an attempt to change the ____
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proteins, DNA
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_____ and ____ thought the Earth was older than 6,000 years
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Lamarck, Darwin
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_______ said the Earth was too warm for the world to be older than 6,000 years
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Lord Kelvin
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_____ stated that some form of life fills every step or niche of the life ladder. Life is perfect and does not need to change
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Aristotle
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______ stated that everyone moved up the ladder and that spontaneous generation of microorganisms filled the bottom rungs continuously
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Lamarck
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______ theorized the world of forms
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Plato
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Plato ______ believe in evolution
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did not
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________ stated evolution was a response to a creature's felt needs
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Lamarck
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______ came up with catastrophism
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Cuvier
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_____ was a paleontologists that did not believe in evolution but catastrophes
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Cuvier
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The KT boundary is known as the
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Cretaceous Tertiary Boundary
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The KT boundary is ____ years old
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65 mil
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____ believed in gradualism
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Hutton
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_______ also believed that the Earth was older than religion allowed
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Hutton
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_______ believed in uniformitarianism and produced the Principles of Geology
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Lyell
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Uniformitarianism is basically
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gradualism and all other concepts combined
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Malthus stated that
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the human condition is due to overpopulation
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_______ wrote the Essays on the principles of population
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Malthus
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_____ are opportunistic populations while ______ are equilibrial populations
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R, K
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An example of R and K populations are
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mushrooms and humans
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What were Lamarck's three primary theories were what?
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1. Adaptation to the environment is the primary product of evolution
2. Earth must be ancient 3. Evolution is the best explanation of the fossil record and extant diversity of life |
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Darwin traveled ___ years on the _____
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5, HMS beagle
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_________ recommended Darwin for a naturalist on the HMS beagle
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Rev. Hemslow
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_____ said that if you wanted to understand God you need to go out and study nature
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natural theology
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_______ determined many import creationist dates
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Bishop Ussher
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What is the day of creation?
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October 23 4004 BC
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When were Adam and Eve driven from the garden?
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November 10 4004 BC
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When did the ark touch down on Mt. Ararat?
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May 5 1491 BC
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What is microevolution?
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Change within the population
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ZPG is what?
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Zero population Growth
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rMax is what>
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Actual potential for reproduction
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K is called the carrying capacity. What is that?
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The maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain
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per capita rate of increase approaches zero as _______ is reached
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carrying capacity
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OVershoot leads to
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disease
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2000 kg _______ is similar to the 4.5 kg armadillo
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glyptodant
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As a population adapts to its unique environment, it becomes more and more dissimilar to its
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original cohort
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Darwin wrote a long essay explaining his theory in
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1844
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Darwin gets a manuscript from Wallace in
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1858
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_______ was a naturalist who conjured a paper similar to Darwin's
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Wallace.
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Darwin's paper was called the
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Origin of Species
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Darwin coined the term
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descent with modification
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Darwin published his paper in
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1859
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________ tree shows evolution
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phylogenetic
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What was the first of Darwin's observations?
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Individuals of a population vary extensively in their characterists
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What was Darwin's inference of an individual's characteristics?
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Survival is the struggle for exsistence and is not random but depends on the fitness on the individual. More food, more sex, more babies
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What was Darwin's second observation?
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Malthusian principle, overpopulation leads to disasters and disease
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What was Darwin's inference from the malthusian principle?
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Unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to gradual changes in a population
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What was Darwin's third observation?
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NAtural resources are limited
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What was Darwin's inference from the fact that natural resources are limited?
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Struggle for existence leads to only a fraction of surviving offspring
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Darwin factor or darwinian fitness is what?
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Struggle to survive, 70% chance offspring will live= .7 darwinian factor
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Variations in a populations are chance but natural selection is ______ by chance
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not
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Darwin's biggest problem was lack of
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heritable mechanisms
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Darwin and ______ should have been friends
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MEndel
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Peppered moths are also known as
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Biston Betularia
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_____ is the #1 example of a major shift in characteristics due to environment
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Industrial melanism
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Another example of shift in characteristics due to environment is
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sickle cell, tolerance to malaria
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What are the three main areas that prove evolution?
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Fossil evidence, biogeographic evidence, homologies
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Islands have species that are closely related to species of
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nearest main land
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Islands have closer species than
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temperaments of different regions
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Fossils proved that ____ species have existed
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transitional
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Fossils show how some features became
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smaller or larger
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Fossils proved how ____ developed
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new species
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Fossils supports the complexity of
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evolution
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What is the complexity of evolution?
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invertebrates followed by vertebrates, fish-->amphibians-->reptiles-->birds-->mammals
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What are the three subgroups under homologies?
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Anatomical, biochemical, embryological
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Anatomical similarities reflect
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common descent
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An example of anatomical similarities is
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mammalian forelimbs, best flipper design = best wing design
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Homologous structures are
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structures that are similar because of common ancestry
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Evolution promotes_______ not redesign
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modification
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Divergent evolution is
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pressures of evolution that have taken same structures and made them look diff
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Homologous structures look different because of
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divergent evolution
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Analogous structures are
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structures that appear similar because of similar functions but are not actually related
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An example of analogous structures are
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dolphin and shark flippers
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What is the complexity of evolution?
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invertebrates followed by vertebrates, fish-->amphibians-->reptiles-->birds-->mammals
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What are the three subgroups under homologies?
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Anatomical, biochemical, embryological
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Anatomical similarities reflect
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common descent
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An example of anatomical similarities is
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mammalian forelimbs, best flipper design = best wing design
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Homologous structures are
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structures that are similar because of common ancestry
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Evolution promotes_______ not redesign
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modification
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Divergent evolution is
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pressures of evolution that have taken same structures and made them look diff
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Homologous structures look different because of
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divergent evolution
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Analogous structures are
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structures that appear similar because of similar functions but are not actually related
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An example of analogous structures are
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dolphin and shark flippers
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An example of a homologous structure is
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bat wing and human hand
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Convergent evolution is the same as
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analogous structures
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Divergent evolution is the same as
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homologous structures
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An example of convergent evolution is
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australian sugar glider and flying squirrel
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Vestigial organs are
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remnants of structures that had function in ancestral forms but are no longer essential
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An example of a vestigial organ is
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pelvic bones and leg bones in whales and snakes
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The closer two species are related taxonomically, the higher the percentage of
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common DNA
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HUmans and drosophilas have the same ____ gene
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hox
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Closely related organisms go through similar stages in their
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embryonic development
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An example of similar embryological homologies is
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post anal muscular tail, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notocord etc
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Embryologists states that
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ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
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_____ is how one develops
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ontogeny
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Phylogeny is
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how a phyla develops
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All stages of development may become _____ over the course of evolution
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modified
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Scala naturae was proposed by
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Aristotle
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_____ developed the binomial format for naming species
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Linnaeus
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Linneaues categorized
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similar species into increasing general categories
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____ is when one layer of rock covers another
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superimposing
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Superimposed layers of rock are called
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strata
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The study of fossils is
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paleotology
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The principle that events in the past occured suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating in the present
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catastrophism
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Earth's geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating today
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Hutton
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MEchanisms of change are constant over time
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uniformitarianism
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Use and disuse was proposed by
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Lamarck
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A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
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natural selection
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Selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits is called
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artificial selection
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Pangea was formed about
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250 mya
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the geographic distribution of species
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biogeography
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endemic means
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found nowhere else in the world
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