Chapter 22: Descent With Modification

Front 1

a population can change over generations if individuals that possess certain heritable traits leave more offspring than other individuals

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natural selection

Front 2

an accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms' ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments

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evolutionary adaptation

Front 3

change over time in the genetic composition of a population

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evolution

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tentative explanation of observations; educated guess; untested when first proposed

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hypothesis

Front 5

general explanation of important natural phenomena, developed through extensive and reproducible observations and experiments; results repeat time after time

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theory

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greek philosopher who view species as fixed (unchanging), permanent, perfect, and immutable; believed life forms could be arranged on a scale of increasing complexity--"scala naturae"; each forms of life(perfect and permanent) had an allotted rung on this scale

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aristotle

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people believed this philosopher's view for over 2000 years

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aristotle

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theory stating that species are permanent, immutable; dominant world view for over 2000 years

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Natural Theology / Creationism

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swedish physician and botanist whose passion was taxonomy

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linnaeus

Front 10

categorizes species into different degrees of similarities (naming and classifying organisms)

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taxonomy

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developed hierarchial classification scheme and binomial nomenclature

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linnaeus

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wanted to devlop strict naming system so there would not be confusion about classification of other species

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linnaeus

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who said, "the observation that some species resemble each other did not imply evolutionary kinship, but rather the pattern of their creation

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linnaeus

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the binomial is always ________ or __________ and the genus name is always ________. The specific epithet is always in _______ case.

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italicized/underlined;
capitalized;
lower

Front 15

a heirarchy (kingdom, phylum, class...) always goes from

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broad (kingdom) to specific (species)

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french anatomist who largely devloped paleontology

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georges cuvier

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paleontology is the study of

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fossils

Front 18

the deeper the strata on fossils, the

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older and more dissimilar the taxa are from current life

Front 19

who advocated catastrophism?

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georges cuvier

Front 20

catastrophism says that each boundary between strata represents a

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catastrophe (flood, drought, earthquake...)

Front 21

hypothesis for profound/dramatic geological change over time

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catastrophism

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scottish geologist who offered an alternative to catastrophism

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james hutton

Front 23

who opposted cuvier's hypothesis of catastrophism?

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hutton

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what did hutton believe the reason for dramatic geological change over time was?

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gradualism

Front 25

the idea that big changes on earth don't happen by dramatic events, but rather they change slowly over time

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gradualism (hutton)

Front 26

what theory would explain the grand canyon's small geological developments over time

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gradualism

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scottish geologist who incorporated hutton's gradualism theory into the theory of UNIFORMITARIANISM

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charles lyell

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who said that same gelogical processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate (gradually and are still continuing to occur)

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charles lyell

Front 29

who proposed that the earth is more than 6000 years old

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charles lyell

Front 30

who said that we can predict the future changes in the earth by looking back at what has happened in the past?

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charles lyell

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hypothesized that traits of species are not immutable; they can evolve--said that THIS was why changes occured in species

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jean baptiste lamarck

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invertebrate curator of the natural history museum in paris

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jean baptiste lamarck

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hypothesized the Mechanism of Evolution

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jbl

Front 34

theory that organisms used and stopped using traits, which caused alterations in future generations

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mechanism of evolution

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who said that use or disuse of a body part would determine if it was altered or kept

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jbl---his theory was completely wrong

Front 36

englsih demographer who said that plants and animals are capable of producing far more offspring than resources can support; said that the "struggle for existence" is an inescapable consequence

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thomas malthus

Front 37

who used the 'survival of the fittest' theory saying that resources are always limited so organisms can never produce to their ultimate capacity

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thomas malthus

Front 38

who is credited most for the theory of natural selection

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charles darwin

Front 39

visited different islands and observed the different types of species existing on each islands

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darwin

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went on a three year voyage to circumnavigate the glove

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darwin

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english gentleman who proposed natural selection as the principle mechanism of adaptive evolution

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darwin

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english biologist who (apart from darwin) came up with the theory of natural selection

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alfred russel wallace

Front 43

who actually PROPOSED the hypothesis of natural selection to the public

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lyell

Front 44

the origin of species, written by darwin said that from a ______ form came _______ forms

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single---->endless

Front 45

what does descent with modification mean?

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that all organisms on earth are linked to the same origin

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what process drives adaptation

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natural selection

Front 47

what is adaptation

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modification to better suit the environment

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darwin said that organisms have the potential for population increase, but

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the potential is rarely reached b/c of resources

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descent implies

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common ancestry

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modification is the same as

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adaptation

Front 51

selecting breeding individuals that possess desired traits

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artificial selection

Front 52

who used artificial selection to illustrate the modifying potential of selection

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darwin

Front 53

what is the difference between lamarck and darwin's theories

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lamarck believed that use or disuse of a certain characteristic would contribute to existence or absence of that feature. darwin believed that variation between species occured b/c of natural selection and adaptive change

Front 54

what did darwin's artifical selection theory illustrate?

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that selection can be applied by a human--that you can modify the breed of an animal by choosing two parents with traits that you want passed down to the next generation

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rapid changes in populations may result from

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strong selection

Front 56

what is an example of strong selection?

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pesticide resistance--ex. beetles might have a chromosome that enables them to survive regardless of plant pesticides. this chromosome will obviously be passed onto their children.

Front 57

traits in different species that AROSE from the exact SAME ancestral trait; may or may not have the same function

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homologous trait

Front 58

what helps to convince people of common ancestry?

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homologous traits

Front 59

traits in different species that have a similar function but AROSE from DIFFERENT ancestral traits

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analogous trait

Front 60

what helps convince people of natural selection

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analogous traits

Front 61

explain the panda example of analogous traits

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we share common ancestors with pandas. our hands are very similar to theirs. but our thumb is on the inside of our hands & theirs is on the outside.

Front 62

what is the important difference between homologous and analogous?

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the evolutionary history of the traits themselves is the most important factor. it doesn't matter how related the two traits are as much as the evolutionary history of those traits!

Front 63

remnants of organs that had important functions in ancestors

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vestigal organs

Front 64

what is an example of vestigial organs?

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our appendixes;
the claw on a snake--used to be a leg on an ancestor

Front 65

common use of DNA, RNA, amino acids, ribosomes, genetic code, ATP, electron carriers, electron transport system, ect

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biochemical homologies

Front 66

what is an illustration that organisms all have common chemistry

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biochemical homologies

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owes to convergent evolution (adaptive modification)

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biogeographical similarities

Front 68

traits with different ancestry converged and had a similar function because of ENVIRONMENT

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biogeographical homology