Chapter 22

Front 1

respiration

Back 1

also known as gas exchange, the interchange of O2 and the waste product CO2 between an animal and its environment

Front 2

respiratory system

Back 2

part of an animal where gases are exchanged with the environment

Front 3

gills

Back 3

extensions, or outfoldings, of the body surface specialized for gas exchange

Front 4

tracheal system

Back 4

an extensive system of branching internal tubes in insects

Front 5

lungs

Back 5

internal sacs lined with moist epithelium found in terrestrial vertebrates

Front 6

ventilation

Back 6

any mechanism that increase the flow of the surrounding water or air over this respiratory surface

Front 7

countercurrent exchange

Back 7

the transfer of something from a fluid moving in one direction to another fluid moving in the opposite direction

Front 8

diaphragm

Back 8

a sheet of muscle that binds the lungs at the bottom of the chest cavity

Front 9

pharynx

Back 9

where the paths for air and food cross

Front 10

larynx

Back 10

voice box

Front 11

vocal cords

Back 11

pair of string-like tissues in the larynx; air rushing past these when they are tensed makes them vibrate, producing sounds

Front 12

trachea

Back 12

windpipe

Front 13

bronchi

Back 13

pair of breathing tubes that branch fom the trachea into the lungs

Front 14

bronchiole

Back 14

thin breathing tube that branches from a bronchus within a lung

Front 15

alveoli

Back 15

grapelike clusters of air sacs in the lungs

Front 16

emphysema

Back 16

a disease in which the walls of the alveoli lose their elasticity and deteriorate reducing the lungs' capacity for gas exchange

Front 17

breathing

Back 17

alternation of inhalation and exhalation

Front 18

negative pressure breathing

Back 18

a breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs

Front 19

breathing control centers

Back 19

brain center that directs the activity of organs involved in breathing; located in parts of the brain called the pons and medulla oblongata

Front 20

hyperventilating

Back 20

excessively taking rapid, deep breaths

Front 21

partial pressure

Back 21

a measure of the relative amount of gas in a mixture

Front 22

hemoglobin

Back 22

an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds O2 and transports it to body tissues