Chapter 22 & 24

Front 1

Body linen

Back 1

the name of underwear which was made out of a expensive linen cloth and generally only available to the wealthy due to the prohibitive cost.

Front 2

class-consciousness

Back 2

conflicting classes existed, in part, because many individuals came to believe they existed and developed an appropriate sense of class feeling.

Front 3

Coke

Back 3

a form of coal that was unlimited in supply and therefore easier and better to use.

Front 4

Combination acts

Back 4

passed in 1799, these acts outlawed unions and strikes.

Front 5

Crystal palace

Back 5

the location of the Great Exposition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron, both of which were now cheap and abundance.

Front 6

Economic nationalism

Back 6

the idea that countries should protect and foster their own businesses by imposing high protective tariffs on imported goods as well as eliminating tariffs within the country.

Front 7

Factory act of 1833

Back 7

this act limited the factory workday for children between nice and thirteen to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen to twelve hours.

Front 8

Grand national Consolidated Trades Union

Back 8

organized by Owen in 1834, this was one of the largest and most visionary early national unions.

Front 9

Industrial revolution

Back 9

a term used to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes they had witnessed in certain industries.

Front 10

Iron law of wages

Back 10

because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level, meaning that wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving.

Front 11

Luddites

Back 11

handicraft workers who attacked whole factories in northern England in 1812 and after smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.

Front 12

Mines act of 1842

Back 12

this act prohibited underground work for all women as well as for boys under ten.

Front 13

Rocket

Back 13

the name given to George Stephensons effective locomotive that was first tested in 1830 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 16 miles per hour.

Front 14

Spinning jenny

Back 14

a spinning machine by James Hargreaves in 1765 that used six to twenty-four spindles mounted on a sliding carriage to spin a fine thread.

Front 15

Steam engine

Back 15

a breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that both burned coal to produce steam which was then used to operate a pump, although inefficient they were still used successfully in English and Scottish mines.

Front 16

Tariff production

Back 16

a governments way of supporting and aiding their own economy by laying high tariffs on the cheaper, imported goods of another country, ex . when France responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country with high tariffs on British imports.

Front 17

Water frame

Back 17

a spinning machine by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used water power thereby required a larger and more specialized mill but the thread it spun was thicker, generally the thread was then spun on a Spinning Jenny to achieve the desired thickness.

Front 18

Antiseptic principle

Back 18

developed by English surgeon Joseph Lister, it was the idea that a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would destroy aerial bacteria.

Front 19

Benthamite

Back 19

follower of the radical philosopher Jeremy Benthamite who taught that public problems should be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis and according to the greatest good for the greatest number.

Front 20

Defense Mechanism

Back 20

Freuds postulation that much of human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs whose nature and origins are kept from conscious awareness by various mental devices.

Front 21

Evolution

Back 21

the idea, applied by thinkers in many fields, that stresses gradual change and continuous adjustment.

Front 22

Germ theory

Back 22

the idea, contrary to miasmatic theory, that disease was spread through filth and not caused by it.

Front 23

Illegitimacy explosion

Back 23

period between 1750 and 1850 marked by a high number of illegitimate births by the 1840s, as many as one birth in three was occurring outside of wedlock in many large cities.

Front 24

Labor aristocracy

Back 24

highly skilled workers who made up about 15% of the working classes at the turn of the 20 th Century.

Front 25

Miasmatic theory

Back 25

the belief that people contract disease when they breathe the bad odors of decay and putrefying excrement.

Front 26

Organic chemistry

Back 26

the study of the compounds of carbon.

Front 27

Pasteurization

Back 27

process developed by Louis Pasteur that suppressed the activity of living organisms in a beverage by heating it.

Front 28

Positivists movement

Back 28

Auguste Comptes discipline of sociology, which postulated that each branch of our knowledge passes successively through three different theoretical conditions; the Theological, or ficticious; the Metaphysical, or abstract; and the Scientific, or positive.

Front 29

Realism

Back 29

literary movement which stressed that literature should depict life exactly as it was.

Front 30

Separate spheres

Back 30

a rigid gender division of labor with the wife as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.

Front 31

Social darwinists

Back 31

group of thinkers popular with the upper middle class who saw the human race as driven forward to ever-greater specialization and progress by the unending economic struggle which would determine the survival of the fittest.

Front 32

Thermodynamics

Back 32

a branch of physics built on Newtons laws of mechanics that investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy.