Chapter 22, 23, 24

Front 1

Hall of Mirrors January 18, 1871

Back 1

Famous room in Versailles, France. Second German republic(reicht) proclaimed under Emperor William I.

Front 2

Crimean War

Back 2

Russia vs England, France, and Ottoman Empire. Fought around Crimean peninsula. Russians suffered a heavy blow to their prestige after their loss, stayed out of international conflict for rest of 19th century.

Front 3

Treaty of Paris 1856

Back 3

Aftermath of Crimean War. Russia surrenders land at mouth of Danube river, and renounce it's claims as protectors of Orthodox Christians in Ottoman Empire.

Front 4

Tanzimat

Back 4

Reorganization and liberalization of the economy. Ended tax farming, attempted to end corruption, and granted civic equality to all persons on Ottoman lands.

Front 5

Young Turks

Back 5

Reform officers in charge of the Ottoman government during World War I.

Front 6

Romantic Republicanism

Back 6

New approach on Italian Unification. Embraced Romanticism and mended it into a Republican government's framework. Secret societies formed, radical nationalists rose.

Front 7

Guiseppe Mazzini

Back 7

First to try and unify Italy. Wanted a democratic republic based on universal suffrage and will of the people. Was too radical for the people of Italy, movement smashed by Austria in 1848.

Front 8

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Back 8

Italian patriot who led conquest of Sicily and Naples, led the revolutionaries in southern Italy. Helped the formation of the United Italian state.

Front 9

Camillo Cavour

Back 9

Sardinian. Chief leader in Italian Unification. Led Sardinia into a powerful position, acquired condolenses and help of Napoleon III through helping France in Crimean War. Eventually led to Italian unification.

Front 10

War with Austria

Back 10

Also known as second Italian war of independence, as well as Franco-Austrian war. With the help of Napoleon III, Italy broke free of Austrian control and were able to unite as one nation.

Front 11

Victor Emmanuel II

Back 11

King of Sardinia, later named first King of the United Italian State, r. 1861-1878.

Front 12

Transformismo

Back 12

System after Cavour, political opponents were turned into supporters through bribery and favors.

Front 13

Italia Irredenta

Back 13

"Unredeemed Italy". Desire to liberate thus was key reason of Italian support of Allies against Austria and Germany in WWI.

Front 14

German Confederation

Back 14

Consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by Vienna Settlement, dominated by Austria and Prussia. Had little power and needed consent of all 38 states to take action.

Front 15

Zollverein

Back 15

Prussian economic union that presented free trade within German States, steps towards unification. Austria was excluded.

Front 16

William I

Back 16

First proclaimed emperor of the Second German Empire.

Front 17

Otto von Bismarck

Back 17

Chancellor of Prussia 1862-1871. Conservative nationalist, led Prussia to victory against Austria and France, responsible for creation of Second German Empire.

Front 18

Kleindeustch

Back 18

Plan supported by Bismarck for German Unification. Means "small German". German speaking portions of Habsurb empire excluded from a United Germany.

Front 19

Seven Weeks War.

Back 19

Austro-Prussian War. Caused by Bismarck's offenses against Austria, Austria crushed by Prussia.

Front 20

Bundesrat and Reichstrag

Back 20

Bundesrat - federal council and upper house of legislature of Northern German Confederation.

Reichstrag - lower house of legislature of Northern German Confederation. Chosen by male suffrage.

Front 21

Franco-Prussian War

Back 21

War which sealed Bismarck's plan of complete German unification. Resulted in fall of Napoleon III and Second French Empire.

Front 22

Dreyfus Affair

Back 22

Jewish Captain convicted of treason due to anti-Semetic (anti-Jewish) ideals, divided country, eventually Dreyfus was released but still caused controversy.

Front 23

Emile Zola

Back 23

Realism movement in literature, focused on middle and working class. Rejected romantic search, stated human action was caused by unalterable natural laws. Environments determined human behavior.

Front 24

Alexander II

Back 24

Russian Tzar who attempted to reform, but the discontent of public lead to his assassination.

Front 25

William Gladstone

Back 25

Liberal British Prime Minister, gave concessions to parties, ultimately acted on bills for Irish self-governing.

Front 26

Bessemer Process

Back 26

New way to refine and manufacture steel at a far cheaper price.

Front 27

Gottliab Daimier

Back 27

Invented the first car prototype in France.

Front 28

Henry Ford

Back 28

Created cheaper, more enticing cars affordable to middle class.

Front 29

Petite Bourgeoisie

Back 29

The lower Bourgeoisie, industrialists, merchants, and professionalists who demanded stability and security from government.

Front 30

Baron Georges Haussmann

Back 30

Rebuilt Paris, created larger roads so that revolts can't block an entire street, parks made. Sewage systems improved.

Front 31

Louis Rene Villerme

Back 31

French doctor who became an economist, wrote about social issues. Wrote "Study of Physical Conditions of Cotton, Wool, and Silk workers".

Front 32

Britain's Public Health Act 1848

Back 32

Government to pass building, animal, public sanitation codes. Housing inspectors, removed filth.

Front 33

Louis Pasteur

Back 33

French Chemist, discovered Heat kills Bacteria, which would otherwise spoil milk, wine, beer, etc.

Front 34

1882 Married Women's Property Act

Back 34

Act of Parliament of England, altered English law, allowed married women to own and control property in their own rights.

Front 35

Putting-Out system

Back 35

Boss/Manufacturer gives raw material to worker at home, would produce consumable goods, and give back for payment.

Front 36

Bon Marche

Back 36

"Good market". First department store founded in Paris.

Front 37

Suffragettes

Back 37

People who campaigned for women's right to vote.

Front 38

Prime Minister Herbert Asquith

Back 38

Leader of liberal party, restored protection of unions.

Front 39

Hubertine Auclert

Back 39

French woman who campaigned for right the vote.

Front 40

BDFK

Back 40

Union of German women's organizations. Supported right to vote, concerned to improve women's social conditions.

Front 41

Pogroms

Back 41

Government supported attacks on Jews in Russia.

Front 42

Karl Marx

Back 42

Wrote Communist Manifesto with Engel. Put workers ahead of everything. Idealogy of proletariat vs bourgeoisie clash.

Front 43

Fabian Society

Back 43

British professors and writers, most influential socialist group. Democratic, anti-revolutionary, wanted some socialist control over quality of life things, water systems, etc.

Front 44

David Lloyd George

Back 44

Britain's prime minister at end of WW1. Wanted to make Germany pay for other countries' losses.

Front 45

SPD

Back 45

German Socialist Democratic Party. Divided those who advocated reform and revolution, Bismark repressed this party. Being a socialist in Germany meant sacrificing a respectable life and career.

Front 46

Revisionism

Back 46

German socialist ideals of achieving humane socialist society through democratic institutions over revolutions.

Front 47

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Back 47

Railroad connecting Moscow to the far East borders of Russia.

Front 48

Kulaks

Back 48

Rich Russian peasant farmers. Other peasants with too little land had to work on estates owned by Kulaks.

Front 49

Zemstvos

Back 49

Instutions of local government whose members were elected by a 3- class system of peasants, noble landowners, and whole towns.

Front 50

Vladimir llyich Ulyanov

Back 50

Also known as Lenin, most active Marxist leader in Russia, leader of Bolshevik revolution in 1917.

Front 51

Bolsheviks

Back 51

"Majority" group of Russian social democratic party, wanted centralized leadership of working class.

Front 52

Mensheviks

Back 52

"Minority" group of Russian social democratic party, wanted a party with mass membership that would function democratically.

Front 53

Father George Gapon

Back 53

Priest who led the mass group that went to petition the tsar to improve conditions, survived "bloody sunday" when the masses were gunned down.

Front 54

Soviet

Back 54

Russian council who's representatives were workers and soldiers.

Front 55

Gregory Efimovich Rasputin

Back 55

Healer who could heal Nicholas II's hemophilia, who tried to take political position, murdered by group of aristocrats.

Front 56

Positivism

Back 56

Philosophy of Auguste Comte that science is the final, most true voice and meaning, as everything is proven, rather than spiritual.

Front 57

Charles Darwin

Back 57

English scientist who proposed natural selection, published "On the Origins of Species", rejected by the church and the masses.

Front 58

Natural Selection

Back 58

Organisms with traits best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce, others will die.

Front 59

Darwinism

Back 59

Concept of Darwin's survival of the fittest. Poor are poor because they are unfit to survive. Against social reforms to help the poor.

Front 60

Kulturkampf

Back 60

"Battle for culture", conflict between Roman Catholic Church and German Empire.

Front 61

Papal Infallibility

Back 61

Doctrine that stated that the pope is infallible when pronouncing matters of faith and moral, as he is the head and leader of the church.

Front 62

Relativity

Back 62

Scientific theory associated with Einstein that time and space is a combined continuum based on the observer and the entities that he observes.

Front 63

Realism

Back 63

Style of art and literature that seeks to depict the real natural world with science, portrayed dark side to life.

Front 64

Gustave Flaubert

Back 64

Wrote "Madame Bovary". Tells story of middle class housewife who has adventurous love affairs and betrayed by her lover.

Front 65

Modernism

Back 65

Movement in arts and literature to portray more beauty and aesthetics than in the natural world.

Front 66

Keynesian Economics

Back 66

Theory presented by John Maynard Keynes, that governments could spend their economy out of depression by running deficits to encourage employment and stimulate consumption and production.

Front 67

Impressionism

Back 67

Lots of light and color, representation through the painting through visual experience.

Front 68

Post-Impressionism

Back 68

Followed impressionism, focused on form and structure of the painting rather than the impression of color and visuals.

Front 69

Cubism

Back 69

Paintings with an autonomous realm, 2D and geometric shapes. Weird.

Front 70

Friedrich Nietzche

Back 70

German philosopher who said that "God is dead", all religion is a "slave morality". Urged to accept that life was meaningless.

Front 71

Sigmund Freud

Back 71

Austrian Physician who said that human behavior is irrational, behavior is outcome between id(irrational uncousciousness driven by sexual, pleasure-seeking desires), ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do), and superego (moral values, what one should do).

Front 72

Zionist

Back 72

Those who wanted to develop a homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Front 73

Virginia Wolf

Back 73

Argued that women should have separate intellectual and psychological philosophies in comparison to men.

Front 74

ID

Back 74

Unconsciousness that focuses to satisfy sexual and aggressive drives.

Front 75

SuperEgo

Back 75

Part of uncouscious mind that acts as a conscience, what the most moral thing to do is, etc.