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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Reticular Activating System? (RAS)
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Series of neurologic circuits in the brain that control the functions of staying awake, paying attention, and sleeping.
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What is needed to perfuse, nourish, and hydrate brain tissue?
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Oxygen to perfuse
Glucose to nourish Water to hydrate |
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What is glucose?
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A form of sugar, the body's basic source of energy.
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What is insulin?
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A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics.
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What is 'diabetes mellitus'?
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'Sugar diabetes' or just diabetes. This condition is brought about by decreased insulin production or the inability of the body's cells to use insulin properly.
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How many types of diabetes are there?
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2, Type one diabetes, and type two diabetes.
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What is type one diabetes?
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Known as 'insulin-dependent' diabetes, it occurs when pancreatic cells fail to function properly and insulin is not secreted normally.
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What is type two diabetes?
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Known as 'non insulin-dependent' diabetes, It occurs when the body's cells fail to utilize insulin properly.
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What is hypoglycemia?
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Low blood sugar.
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What causes hypoglycemia?
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When a diabetic:
Takes too much insulin Reduces sugar intake by not eating Over exercises or over exerts himself Vomits a meal, emptying the stomach of sugar. |
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What is hyperglycemia?
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High blood sugar.
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What are some factors that can cause hyperglycemia?
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Insulin injections may have been forgotten
Infection Stress Increasing dietary intake |
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What is diabetic ketoacidosis?
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A condition that occurs as the result of hyperglycemia. It's characterized by dehydration, altered mental status, and shock.
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What is the waste product of ketoacidosis?
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Ketones
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What are some signs and symptoms of a diabetic emergency?
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Rapid onset of altered mental status
Intoxicated appearance Cold, clammy skin Elevated heart rate Hunger Uncharacteristic behavior Anxiety Combativeness Seizures |
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True or false: Diabetic children are more at risk for medical emergencies.
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True. Children are more active, and therefore exhaust their blood sugar levels more easily.
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Which has a faster onset, Hypo or Hyperglycemia?
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Hypoglycemia comes on suddenly, whereas hyperglycemia occurs over time.
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How might the skin present in a patient suffering from hyperglycemia?
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Warm, red and dry.
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How might the skin present in a patient suffering from hypoglycemia?
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Cold, pale, moist, clammy skin.
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What is different about the breath of a patient suffering from hyperglycemia?
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Breath will smell sweet, like nail polish remover.
This is due to the ketones. |
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What is a seizure?
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A sudden change in sensation, behavior, or movement. The most severe form of seizure produces violent muscle contractions called convulsions.
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What is a partial seizure?
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A seizure that affects only one part or one side of the brain.
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What is a generalized seizure?
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A seizure that affects both sides of the brain.
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What is a tonic-clonic seizure?
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A generalized seizure in which the patient loses consciousness and has jerking movements of paired muscle groups.
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What is the postictal phase?
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The period of time immediately following a tonic-clonic seizure in which the patient goes from full loss of consciousness to full mental status.
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What is an aura?
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A sensation experienced by a seizure patient right before the seizure, which might be a smell, sound, or general feeling.
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What happens in the tonic phase?
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The body becomes rigid, stiffening for no more than 30 seconds. Breathing may stop, the patient may bite his tongue, and bowel and bladder control could be lost.
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What happens in the clonic phase?
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The body jerks violently, usually for no more than 1 or 2 minutes (some can last 5 minutes). The patient may foam at the mouth and drool. His face and lips often become cyanotic.
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What happens in the postictal phase?
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This phase begins when convulsions stop. The patient may regain consciousness immediately and enter a state of drowsiness and confusion, or he may remain unconscious for several hours. Headache is common.
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What are some causes of seizures?
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Hypoxia
Stroke Traumatic brain injury Toxins Hypoglycemia Brain tumor Congenital brain defects Infection Metabolic Idiopathic (spontaneous with unknown causes). |
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What is epilepsy?
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A medical condition that causes seizures.
An umbrella term used for when a person has multiple seizures with unknown cause. |
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What is status epilepticus?
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A prolonged seizure or situation when a person suffers two or more convulsive seizures without regaining full consciousness.
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What is an absence seizure? (Petit mal)
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A seizure that is brief, usually lasting only 1 to 10 seconds. Patient experiences a temporary loss of concentration or awareness.
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What is a stroke?
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A condition of altered function caused when an artery in the brain is blocked or ruptured, disrupting the supply of oxygenated blood or causing bleeding into the brain.
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What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
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A stroke that is caused by bleeding into the brain.
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What does CVA stand for?
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Cerebrovascular Accident.
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What is a TIA?
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Transient Ischemic Attack.
Patients look like they are having a stroke due to similar signs and symptoms. Although the symptoms are completely resolved within 24 hours with no treatment. |
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What are the components of the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale?
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Facial droop
Arm droop Speech |
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What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke?
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Confusion
Dizziness Numbness, weakness, or paralysis (usually on one side of the body) Loss of bowel or bladder control Impaired vision High blood pressure Difficult respiration or snoring Nausea or vomiting Seizures Unequal pupils Headache Loss of vision in one eye Sometimes unconciousness |
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What is syncope?
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Fainting.
A brief loss of consciousness with spontaneous recovery. |
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What are some types of syncope causes?
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Hypovolemic
Metabolic and structural Environmental/toxicological Cardiovascular Other- Undetermined |
