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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1. Which statement factors into artificial but not natural selection? |
B. Phenotypic variation of a species has variable appeal to humans interested in that species. |
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2. A new plant species is introduced to Daphne Major and produces small, thin seeds. This plant species is highly adapted to drought and after 5 years has replaced over 80% of the native plants that produce large seeds. How will this change affect the evolution of beak size in the medium ground finch population? |
A. Small beaks will be favored under all rainfall conditions. |
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4. In studying the medium ground finch on Daphne Major, the Grants noted that each generation of finches had beaks |
A. best suited for their parents' environment. |
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6. Industrial melanism is a term |
C. describing the evolutionary process in which initially light-colored organisms become dark as a result of natural selection. |
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7. The evidence for industrial melanism being caused by an increase in the dark allele was provided from field tests carried out by |
A. Kettlewell. |
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8. The shape of the beaks of Darwin's finches and industrial melanism are often cited as examples of the process of _______________ leading to evolutionary change. |
E. natural selection |
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9. Natural selection has favored the dark form of the peppered moth in areas subject to severe air pollution, perhaps because on darkened trees, moth-eating birds see them less easily. As pollution abated, the light forms increased in the population because |
B. light moths were able to produce more offspring than dark moths. |
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10. Industrial melanism involving the peppered moths (Biston sp.) is cited as an example of natural selection that has been observed in the last one hundred years. Recall that the peppered moth exhibits two distinct morphological types with dark and light colored wings. Which of the following statements about changes in these two types of moths as a result of industrial melanism is true? |
A. The dark forms are selected against in nonpolluted forests. |
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11. In a hypothetical study, equal numbers of marked dark and light moths are released in polluted and unpolluted woodlands and recaptured 10 days later. According to the industrial melanism hypothesis, which of the following results is unexpected? |
E. Fewer unmarked dark moths should be captured in polluted woodlands than unmarked light moths. |
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13. Which "alternate" hypothesis might also explain industrial melanism? |
A. Dark moths are more resistant to the toxic effects of pollution than light moths. |
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14. Domestication of dogs has led to |
B. a variety of phenotypes. |
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The figure below shows results of bristle number in Drosophila flies after 35 generations of artificial selection. This figure suggests that
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A. bristle number has evolved beyond the original range of phenotypic variation for this trait. |
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16. Comparing the evolution of domesticated dogs to the evolution of wolves over the same time period illustrates what relationship between artificial and natural selection? |
C. Artificial selection is more likely to produce maladaptive structures than natural selection. |
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17. Considerably more phenotypic variation exists in domesticated varieties of species like dogs and cabbages than exists in non-domesticated species like lions and maple trees. Which one of the following statements best explains why this is true? |
D. Many domesticated varieties would not survive in the natural world. |
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18. Some of the most dramatic evidence for evolution has come from human agriculture. One of the most highly artificially selected crop plants is |
D. corn. |
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19. A technique used in dating a rock can be used to accurately predict the age of the fossils occurring in the rocks. This technique involves |
C. radioactive isotope decay. |
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20. Today, the fossil record |
C. can be dated reasonably well using a variety of radioactive isotopes with known half-lives. |
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21. Progressive changes in the fossil record are evidence for evolution because |
A. they show descent with modification. |
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22. The most likely explanation for why toothed whales have a blowhole is |
B. they evolved from an animal with nostrils. |
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23. Radioactive isotopes are used in dating materials from the distant past. Which of the following statements about radioactive dating techniques is true? |
D. It uses a technique in which the degree of radioactive decay is measured, the older the rock the more radioactive decay. |
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24. A rock contains 18 mg of the radioactive isotope carbon-14. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years. How many half-lives and years will it take before the carbon-14 decays to less than 4 mg? |
C. 3 half-lives; 16,800 years |
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25. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years. A fossil that has one-eighth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 is probably |
D. 16,800 years old. |
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26. Which one of the following features of Archaeopteryx clearly demonstrates that it was on the evolutionary line leading from dinosaurs to birds? |
C. feathers |
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28. In 2006, scientists discovered a fossil that had scales and gills, a flat head with eyes on top like a crocodile, and fin and neck bones that would allow it to prop itself out of the water. The best explanation for this fossil is that it is |
A. a transitional fossil between fish and amphibians. |
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30. The most precise method of obtaining estimates of the absolute ages of geological deposits is |
B. measure the ratios of various radioactive isotopes in the deposits. |
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31. Mollusk eyes and vertebrate eyes are |
B. analogous structures, because they have the same function but derive from different common ancestors. |
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32. Structures that have no apparent function but had a function in ancestral species are |
E. vestigial structures. |
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33. Homologous structures are |
B. structures of animals that have different appearances and functions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor. |
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34. The side toes of a horse, the pelvis of the whale, and the human appendix are all examples of structures that resemble structures of presumed ancestors, which are known as |
C. vestigial structures. |
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35. Which one of the following is not important to the concept of homology? |
E. None of the features being compared can be vestigial. |
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36. All vertebrates contain a similar pattern of organs, indicating that they are related to one another. This represents which of the following lines of evolutionary evidence? |
B. homology |
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37. During development in the mother's uterus, human embryos have pharyngeal pouches (sometimes called gill slits) that later develop into various glands. Fish also have pharyngeal pouches as embryos, but these develop into gills. The best explanation for why human and fish embryos develop pharyngeal pouches is |
A. humans and fish share a common ancestor that had gills. |
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38. The evolution of similar forms in different lineages when exposed to the same selective pressures is |
B. called convergence. |
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41. The observation that different geographical areas sometimes exhibit plant and animal communities of similar appearance, even though the individual plants and animals are not closely related, is called |
C. convergent evolution. |
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42. The pair of traits that best illustrates convergent evolution is |
D. a cartilage skeleton in a shark and a bone skeleton in a dolphin. |
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43. Convergent evolution occurs when two species living in |
D. different areas evolve similarities through natural selection acting on those characteristics. |
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45. The marsupials in Australia closely resemble the placental animals of the rest of the world. This is an example of |
C. convergent evolution. |
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46. Inhabitants of oceanic islands resemble forms of the nearest mainland but show some differences. This is an example of |
D. biogeography. |
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47. The streamlined bodies seen in sharks, tuna, and dolphins best relate to |
C. the physical properties of water. |
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51. The "scientific creationism" view includes all of the following beliefs except that |
E. extinct species are replaced with new ones. |
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52. Evolution does not violate the second law of thermodynamics because |
B. Earth is not a closed system; it constantly receives an input of energy from the sun. |
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53. Which of the following is the best reason that the origin of species according to creation science should not be included in the curriculum of biology courses? |
A. It is not a scientifically testable theory. |
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54. The pattern of wet years and dry years shown will probably move the population toward |
E. maintaining abundant variation in beak depth. |
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55. Which statement best describes the correlation between beak depths of Geospiza fortis on the Galápagos island Daphne major and the dryness of the environment? |
C. Birds with large beaks are favored during dry years. |
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56. In order for the scientists to artificially select Drosophila for their number of bristles, |
C. genetic variation had to be present in the population. |
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57. After 35 generations (about 1 year's time), the two populations R and S were studied. Researchers found |
E. a huge increase in S, a huge decrease in R, with no overlap whatsoever. |
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58. When you compare Australian marsupials to placental mammals today |
B. the marsupials are very similar to placental mammals in the ways they have adapted to similar ecological niches. |
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59. It could be said that today's Australian marsupials and today's placental mammals have |
D. undergone convergent evolution. |
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61. Plants in the desert-adapted families Cactacea (cactus) and Euphorbia (euphorbs) share many of the same physical characteristics, such as succulent stems that store water and CAM photosynthesis, but they do not share a recent common ancestor. This evidence suggests that these families are an example of |
A. convergent evolution. |
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The figure below shows the relationship between beak depth in the medium ground finch on Daphne Major and relative fitness. Assuming that beak depth is heritable, what do you predict about beak depth in the next generation?
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C. Mean beak depth will stay about the same. |
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65. A scientist studying evolution of peppered moths (Biston betularia) in Michigan observed that the percentage of melanic moths increased by around 2% from 1960-1961. Has evolution occurred in this population? |
C. Yes, because the frequency of the melanic moths in the population changed over time. |