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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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breathing in
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inspiration
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breathing out
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expiration
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movement of air in and out of the lungs
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Ventilation
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exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Respiration
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________ ____________
takes place at the most distal point in the airway between the alveolar–capillary membranes |
External respiration
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________ _____________ occurs at the cellular level by means of hemoglobin and body cells
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Internal respiration
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What is a healthy person's oxigenation range?
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95-100 or over 90
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insufficient oxygen within arterial blood
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hypoxemia
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inadequate oxygen at the cellular level
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hypoxia
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What is the normal ph range?
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7.35 - 7.45
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What is the ph range <7.35?
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Acidosis
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What is the ph range >7.45>
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Alkalosis
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clients with hypoxia are placed in ____ _______ _______ which is an upright seated position
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High Fowler's position
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clients who find breathing difficult may benefit from a variation of the Fowler's position that's called the ________ _________
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orthopneic position
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Describe the orthopneic position?
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a seated position with the arms supported on pillows or the arm rests of a chair, and the client leans forward over the bedside table or a chair back
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Clients with chronic lung diseases are stimulated to breathe by low blood levels of oxygen, called the _______ _____ to breathe.
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hypoxic drive
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Stimulus for response in clients with COPD?
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carbon monoxide (Smoking causes increased amounts of inhaled carbon monoxide that compete and bond more easily than oxygen to the hemoglobin)
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Remember that giving high percentages of oxygen can depress breathing in clients with COPD or chronic lung diseases. No more than _____ oxygen is safe unless the client is mechanically ventilated.
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2–3 L
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Keep in mind that clients who smoke have a greater potential for ____________ ___ ____________ and _________ _______ ______________ and ____________ __________.
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1) compromised gas exchange
2) acquiring chronic pulmonary and cardiac diseases |
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a technique for deep breathing using a calibrated device, encourages clients to reach a goal-directed volume of inspired air
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Incentive spirometry
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a form of controlled ventilation in which the client consciously prolongs the expiration phase of breathing
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Pursed-lip breathing
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a technique for clearing the outlet on a portable tank of dust and debris
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cracked
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a gauge used to regulate the amount of oxygen delivered to the client and is attached to the oxygen source
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flowmeter
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a device that produces small water droplets and may be used during oxygen administration because oxygen is drying to the mucous membranes
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humidifier
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oxygen is humidified only when more than ________ is administered for an extended period
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4 L/min
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a hollow tube with ½-inch prongs placed into the client's nostrils
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nasal cannula
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What is the common range for a Nasal cannula?
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2–6 L/min
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Disadvantages with a Nasal cannula:
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Dries nasal mucosa at higher flows or May irritate the skin at cheeks and behind ears
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What is the common range for a simple mask?
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5–8 L/min
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Disadvantages of the simple mask:
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Requires humidification
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What is the common range for a partial rebreather and non-rebreather?
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6–10 L/min
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What is the common range for a Venturi?
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4–8 L/min
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What is the common range for a face tent?
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8–12 L/min
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Advantages of a face tent
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Is useful for patients with facial trauma and burns
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What mask fits over the nose and mouth and allows atmospheric air to enter and exit through side ports
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simple mask
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Which is an oxygen delivery device through which a client inhales a mixture of atmospheric air, oxygen from its source, and oxygen contained within a reservoir bag
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Partial Rebreather Mask
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Which is an oxygen delivery device in which all the exhaled air leaves the mask rather than partially entering the reservoir bag. It is designed to deliver an FIO2 of 90% to 100%
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Non-Rebreather Mask
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What mask mixes a precise amount of oxygen and atmospheric air?
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Venturi mask
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What delivers oxygen near an artificial opening in the neck.
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tracheostomy collar
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What fits securely onto a tracheostomy tube or endotracheal tube
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A T-piece
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What mask maintains positive pressure within the airway throughout the respiratory cycle
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CPAP mask
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What are two of Oxygen's hazards?
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oxygen's capacity to support combustion of fires
and the potential for oxygen toxicity |
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What is it the lung damage that develops when oxygen concentrations of more than 50% are administered for longer than 48 to 72 hours
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oxygen toxicity
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a technique for evacuating air or blood from the pleural cavity, which helps to restore negative intrapleural pressure and reinflate the lung
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Water-seal chest tube drainage
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Careful assessment of older adults who demonstrate restlessness or confusion is imperative to differentiate accurately signs of inadequate oxygenation from signs of early delirium or dementia
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Confusion is an early sign of hypoxia
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Why do you assess the client's lung sounds with a water-seal chest tube drainage system?
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Provides a baseline for future comparison
Lung sounds cannot be heard in uninflated areas Lung sounds in previously silent areas indicates re-expansion |
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What do you do when a client with a water-seal chest tube drainage system's dressing is loose or saturated with drainage?
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Change the dressing
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When you palpate and listen to a client (with a water-seal chest tube drainage system) and you hear crackling in the tissues, this means what?
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Indicates subcutaneous air leak and internal displacement of the drainage tube
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When you observe a client (with a water-seal chest tube drainage system) and you see continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber, this means?
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Indicates an air leak in the tubing or at a connection
Constant bubbling in the suction control chamber is normal and expected |
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What nursing expert on pain, defines pain as being “whatever the person says it is, and existing whenever the person says it does.”
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Margo McCaffery
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When should you collect a Sputum Specimen?
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just after the client awakens or after an aerosol treatment
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a positioning technique that promotes gravity drainage of secretions from various lobes or segments of the lungs
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Postural drainage
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How long should the client stay in the Postural drainage position?
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15 to 30 minutes
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rhythmic striking of the chest wall
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Percussion
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How long should the nurse perform Percussion on a client?
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3 to 5 minutes
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What relies on negative (vacuum) pressure to remove liquid secretions with a catheter?
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Suctioning
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How do you remove secretions from the throat through a nasally inserted catheter?
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Nasopharyngeal suctioning
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How do you remove secretions from the upper portion of the lower airway through a nasally inserted catheter?
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nasotracheal suctioning
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How do you remove secretions from the throat through an orally inserted catheter?
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oropharyngeal suctioning
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What is a surgically created opening into the trachea?
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tracheostomy
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What is the curved, hollow plastic tube that is also called a cannula?
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tracheostomy tube
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What is a disadvantage to communications with a client with a Trachestomy?
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clients usually cannot speak
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When suctioning a tracheostomy, the nurse inserts the catheter a short distance ________ because the tube already lies in the trachea
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approximately 4 to 5 inches or until resistance is felt
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How do you clean or care for a Trachestomy?
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1) cleaning the skin around the stoma
2) changing the dressing 3) cleaning the inner cannula |
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The muscular structures of the larynx tend to atrophy with age, which can affect what?
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the ability to clear the airway
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Usually the bases of the older adult's lungs receive less ventilation, contributing to what?
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1) retention of secretions
2) decreased air exchange 3) compromised ventilation |
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Respiratory cilia become less efficient with age, predisposing older adults to what?
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high incidence of pneumonia
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If not relieved quickly, a persistent, dry cough may consume the older adult's energy and result in what?
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fatigue
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Weather, such as high humidity or damp conditions, influences the production of ?
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respiratory secretions
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_____________ improve the older adult's ability to eliminate respiratory secretions
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Deep-breathing exercises
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Maintenance of adequate hydration is important for what reason?
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liquefy secretions
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_____________ improve the older adult's ability to eliminate respiratory secretions
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Deep-breathing exercises
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Maintenance of adequate hydration is important for what reason?
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liquefy secretions
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When suctioning an airway why would you pre-oxygenate the client for 1 to 2 minutes until the SpO2 is maintained at 95% to 100%?
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Reduces the risk for hypoxemia
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When doing the Naso-tracheal suctioning, wait until the client takes a breath then advance the tubing how much?
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8 to 10 inches eased below the larynx
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Why do patients who need their airway suctioned have to have the process completed in 15 seconds & only occluding the vent no longer than 10 seconds?
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Prevents hypoxemia
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Patients with a Trasteocotomy tube should always have this beside the bedside?
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Obturator
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