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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Minor v. Happerset
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National Woman Suffrage Association early sued for the vote, but in 1875, the Supreme Court upheld the power of the states to deny this right to women.
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Poll Tax
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Made voters pay an annual tax for the right to vote; aimed at impoverished blacks.
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Williams v. Mississippi
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Supreme Court upheld this case which excluded poor white voters as well as blacks from voting.
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Grandfather Clause
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Used a literacy test to disqualify black voters but permitted men who had failed the test to vote anyway if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before 1867-a time, of course, when no blacks could vote.
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Homestead Act
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Legislation granting 160 acres of land to anyone who paid a $10 fee and pledged to live on and cultivate the land for 5 years. Although there was a good deal of fraud, the act encouraged a large migration to the West.
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Munn v. Illinois
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The Supreme Court upheld that Illinois legislation, declaring that private property "affected with the public interest...must submit to being controlled by the public for the common good."
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Wabash Decision
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Turned peoples attention back to the federal government and spurred Congress to pass the Interstate Commerce Act which created ICC.
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Interstate Commerce Act
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Created by Congress in 1887, this agency was authorized to investigate and oversee railroad activities. It also outlawed rebates and pooling agreements. An early attempt to remover certain issues from politics and turn them over to experts, the ICC became a prototype for the federal commissions that regulate many parts of the American economy today.
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Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act
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Compromise between group's favoring the coinage of silver and those opposed to it. This act called for the partial coinage of silver. Those in favor of silver coinage argued that it would add to the currency and help farmers and workers. Those opposed to it pointed out that few other major countries accepted silver coinage. President Rutherford B. Hayes vetoed the Bland-Allison bill in 1878, but Congress overrode his veto.
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James G. Blaine
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Election of 1844, Grover Cleveland narrowly defeated this Republican nominee because of the continuing divisions in the Republican party.
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Pendleton Act
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Passed by Congress in 1883 with the backing of President Chester A. Arthur. This act sought to lessen the involvement of the politicians in the running of the government. It created a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to administer competitive exams to candidates for civil service jobs and to appoint officeholders based on merit. It also outlawed forcing political contributions from appointed officials. The measure served as the basis for later expansion of a professional civil service.
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McKinley Tariff
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Raised tariff duties about 4% and included a novel reciprocity provision that allowed the president to lower duties if other countries did the same. This act also used duties to promote the new industries, such as tinplate for packaging the new "canned" foods appearing on grocery store shelves.
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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Passed by Congress in 1890. First major US attempt to deal legislatively with the problem of the increasing size of business. Declared illegal "every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce." Penalties ranged from fines to imprisonment and even dissolution of guilty trusts. This law was between manufacturing and commerce and ruled that manufacturing was excluded from its coverage. Nonetheless, the law shaped all future antitrust legislation.
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U.S. v. E.C. Knight
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First judicial interpretation of the law, the Supreme Court severely crippled it. It controlled 985 of all sugar refining in the country. The court drew a sharp distinction between commerce and manufacturing, holding that the company was not subject to the law. Judicial interpretations changed after the turn of the century and the Sherman Antitrust Act gained fresh power.
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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Attempted to end the troublesome problems presented by silver. U.S. Treasury would purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver each month and issue legal tender for it. This pleased opponents of silver because it did not call for free coinage. It pleased proponents of silver because it bought up most of the nations silver production.
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Silverites
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Had once played a large role in currencies around the world, but by mid-1800s, it had slipped into disuse. Silver production quadrupled between 1870 and 1890 with the discovery of the great bonanza mines in Nevada. This glutted the world market, lowered the price of silver, and persuaded many European nations to demonetize silver in favor of the scarcer metal, gold. Support for silver coinage was especially strong in the South and the West.
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Billion Dollar Congress
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The Congress that met from 1888-1891. One of the most important Congresses in American history. It passed a record number of significant laws that helped shape later policy and asserted the authority of the federal government to a degree the country would not then accept.
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National Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union (All the Alliances)
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One of the largest reform movements in American history. It sought to organize farmers in the South and West to fight for reforms that would improve the lot, including measures to overcome low crop prices, burdensome mortgages, and high railroad rates. The Alliance ultimately organized a political party, the People's Populist Party.
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Ocala Demands (Platform)
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Adopted by the Farmers' Alliance at an 1890 meeting in Ocala, Florida, these demands became the organizations main platform. They called for the creation of a sub-treasury system to allow farmers to store their crops until they could get the best price, the free coinage of silver, an end to protective tariffs and national banks, a federal income tax, the direct election of senators' by voters, and tighter regulation of railroads.
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Populist Party
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Organized in 1892 by farm, labor, and reform leaders, mainly from the Farmers' Alliance. It offered a broad-based reform platform reflecting the Ocala Demands. It nominated James B. Weaver of Iowa for president in 1892 and William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska in 1896. After 1896, it became identified as a one-issue party focused on free silver and gradually died away.
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Greenback-Labor Party
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James B. Weaver was a former president in 1880 on this party.
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Industrial Black Friday
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May 5th, Wall Streets worst day. Leading stocks lunged to record lows and there was pandemonium on the floor and in the streets outside.
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Coxey's Army
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Army of approximately 300 people left Massillon, Ohio. Coxey wanted to put the nations jobless to work building roads. He wanted Congress to pass the Coxey Good Roads bill which would authorize the printing of $500 million in paper money to finance road construction.
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Pullman's Strike
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Began in May 1894 at the Pullman Palace Car Company. One of the largest strikes in American history. Workers struck to protest wage cuts, high rents for company housing, and layoffs; the American railway Union joined the strike in June. Extending into 27 states and territories, it effectively paralyzed the western half of the nation. President Grover Cleveland secured and injunction to break the strike on the grounds that it obstructed the mail and sent federal troops to enforce it.
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In Re Debs
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Supreme Court endorsed the use of the labor injunction in labor disputes, giving business and government an effective antilabor weapon that hindered union growth in the 1890's.
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Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act
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Passed by Congress in August 1894, contained only modest reductions in duties. Reduced tariff on coal, iron ore, wool, and sugar and ended the McKinley Tariff Act's popular reciprocity agreements with other countries, and moved some duties higher than ever before.
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Romanticism vs. Realism
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Romanticism: sentimental and unrealistic. Realism: life as it really is and the "true" relationships between people.
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Coin's Financial School
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William H. Harvey's school was the most popular of all silver pamphlets. Had the eloquent Coin, a wise but unknown youth, tutoring famous people on the currency.
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William Jennings Bryan
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Inexperience, 36 years old, captivating public speaker.
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Cross of Gold Speech
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William Jennings Bryan-captivating speech. Stirring rhetoric at the end won him the Democratic presidential nomination for the election of 1869.
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Gold Standard Act
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Passed by Congress in 1900, this law declared gold the nations standard of currency, meaning that all currency in circulation had to be redeemable in gold. The United States remained on the gold standard until 1933.
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