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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxonomy |
It is the identifying, naming, and classifying of species |
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How does taxonomy classify it? |
t uses all available characteristics oforganisms to name and order them in a system which could be compared to a filing system |
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Before darwin how was the process of naming done? |
It was done with out the evolutionary relatedness .Since the acceptance of evolution as the driving force behind the formation of species, relatedness of species has become the main criteria of classifying organisms. |
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What's Systematics |
The method of classifying species in relation to the evolutionary relatedness. |
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What's Evolution |
Its the process by which the characteristics of a population is changed. Living species change and new species come in to being. |
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Linneaus (Carol von Linne)
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He is a swedish biologist who devised the bionomial system for naming specieces of organisms. And established the hierarchical system |
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What are written in ethalics? |
Both the Genus name and speciefic epithet |
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How is each species named? |
It's named next to a person who first described and named the organism |
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What are species? |
Group of traits that share many traits and are more closely related to one another. Than to organism with different traits. |
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The hierarchy in classification from Top to bottom is |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Each group in the hieracchy represents a ____________ |
Taxon |
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Who introduced the taxon at the domain level and how did he do that? |
the perosn who introduced is Carl Wose, who found that prokaryotes are made of Bacteria and Archea. that probably evolved separately Analysis was done based on ribosomal RNA or r RNA |
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What are the three domains of Life |
Bacteria, Arachea and Eukarya |
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What does classification mean? |
Revealing order in all existing species. After Darwin this order is based on evolutionary pricinple. among all species. |
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What is the main history of evolution and how did Darwin determine the evolution? |
The main history of evolution is phylogeny, and darwin reperented it interms of trees. He said that branches represnt new species that evloved from the same tree. Now we speak of PHYLOGEINCAL TREES. Trees showing geological relationships. |
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The earliest phylogentic tree was done by |
German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1866. |
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What does the new systematics emphesize on? |
It emphesizes on the similarites in DNA of organisms. DNA is passed to organisms. |
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Phylogentic tree |
Its a diagram that shows a relationship between organisms or group of organisms |
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What are the two options for determining evolutionary relationships? |
1. If similarities are created from a common ancestor. Look for, synapomorphies and a homologous structure. |
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Synapomorphis |
anapomorphy is a new evolutionary trait. And synapomorphis are new characteristics shared by several organisms. They are the basis for building evolutionary trees. |
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b. Homologous structures |
This are structures with common origion like leaves, buds, cotyldeons or fore, they not necessirily have the same function. |
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What are the two options for determining evolutionary relationships? |
If similarites are adaptations to a similar environment by organisms that dont share a common ancestor. Then look for Analogous structures. |
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What are Analogous structures? |
This are structures with similar fuctions but different evolutionary background. For example wings of a bird and wing of an insect. This are the result of convergent evolution. |
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Homology and Analogy |
the wing of a bee is similar to a bird and a bat. They both have a function of flight. The bird and the bat are homologus structures and evolved from the same origion but the bee evolved from other origion and cant be placecd in phylogenic tree. |
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convergent evolution? |
Environmental conditions leads to similar adaptations in organisms that are genetically unrelated. |
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Cladistics or phylogenetic analysis. |
its a set of quantitative methods and concepts for exploring evolutionary relationships among taxa. |
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organisms that have a common ancestor, are ascorted in a phylogentic trees as |
clades. |
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monophyletic clade |
This is a clade with a shared common ancestor. |
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What are the examples of monophyletic clade? |
1. Lizards, rabbitsand humans had a common ancestor that had an amniotic egg thus the three belong to clade Amniota. 2. Vertebrata, anlarger clade that includes fish and lamprey. |
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non monophyletic clade |
They dont contain all the organisms evolved from the common ancestor. |
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Parsimony |
many similarities in traits might lead to larger evolutionary trait. The simplest explanation is most likely the correct one. |
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What are the complications of Parisomony? |
1. some of the complications of parsimony include the fact that not all genes are transfered sexually. 2. Some genes are transfered horizontally. 3. Endosymbiosis. |
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Give example of genes that are transferred horizontally? |
Transformation Transduction Conjugation GTa's |
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What is transformation |
naked DNA is directly taken up by bacteria. |
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What is Transduction |
genes are transferred from one prokaryote to another by viruses. |
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What is Conjugation? |
genes are transfered between prokaryotes through pilli. |
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GTA's |
are modified viruses that transfer DNA between prokaryotes. |
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Endosymbiosis |
Fusion of different kinds of organisms leading to a new one. |
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whats the origion of a mitochondria |
endosymbosis of bacteria and a eukaryotic organisms |
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whats the origion of nucleus |
endosymboisis of archea bacteria and bacteria. |
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what are the contradictions in the proposal about endosymbosis of bacteria and archea. as well as gram positive and Arachea. |
becuase bacteria and gram postive have a double membrane where as gram negative has a single membrane. |
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Do we have to abandon the concept of the “Tree of Life”? |
this concept can be explained betweer by the multi-trunked Fiscus, than oak similar the tree of Darwin. |
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Ring of life model |
suggests that the three domains evolved form primitive prokaryotes. |
