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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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biotechnology
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the use of biological organisms and their components for practical tasks
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genetic engineering
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the direct manipulation fo genes for practical purposes
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restriction enzymes
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endonucleases that cut up foreing DNA
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to make many of a small DNA sample
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PCR, poymerase chain reaction
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to compare evolutionary, extant species, or cirme and suspect DNA
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gel electrophoresis, using restriction fragments to cut up DNA into smaller pieces and uses radiocative probe to find gene of interest
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southern blot
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used to detect a given nucleotide sequence
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used to detect defect genes and what genes are being transcribed
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dna micrarray assays
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sanger method
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used to determine the nucleotide seqence of a givne dna strand
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totipotent cells
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cells that are dedifferentiated from maturity then can become amature organism, demonstrated in plants
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stem cells (types)
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embryonic stem: from teh undeveloped tissues of fetuses, have a wider variety of cell developement
induced pluripotent stem: cells dedifferentiated from maturity to stem cells, undifferentiated cells. more clel types than adult stem cells (in bone marrow) |
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drinking koolaid, peter called out for good soup
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domain
kingdom phyllum class order family genus species |
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phylogeny
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the evolutionary history of a species or group
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systematics
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the methods used to determine evolutionary relationships
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5 types of systematics
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fossil comparison
embryonic homology genetics molecular similarities morphological similarities |
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taxonomy
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the naming and classification of species, it goes capitalized italicized genus first, then italicized not capitalized latin species name
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phylogenetic tree
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branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships of organisms
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convergent evolution
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similar environmental pressures produce similar adaptations in species from different lineages
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homoplasies
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similar structures arose independently
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cladistics
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approach to systematics where primary criteria used for classification is common ancestry
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monophyletic group
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consists of species and their common ancestors, everything as a whole
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paraphyletic group
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consists of ancestral species and SOME fo its descendants, like a partial monophyletic group
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polyphyletic group
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small, members of group have different ancestors
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order of increasing derived characteristics
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animalia
multi cellular eukaryotes chordata-notochordata vertebrates mammals marsupials |
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outgroup
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a species or group known to have diverged before a certain lineage
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principle of maximum parsimony
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first examine the simplest explanation of the facts
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principle of maximum likelihood
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given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be foudn that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events
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molecular clock
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yardstick for measuring absolute evolutionary change based on observations that some events and other regions of the genome evolve at constant rates
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orthologous genes
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homologous genes in different species, measured from the msot recent common ancestor. number of nucleotide differences proportional to time since last common ancestor
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paralogous genes
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duplicated genes in a given species
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neutral theory
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much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by natural selection
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horizontal gene transfers, where, how and what?
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bacteria to common ancestor of eukarya and archaea (aerobic heterotrophic eukaryotes aka mitochondrial ancestor) and bacteria to plants (chloroplast ancestor aka photosynthetic prokaryote) all by transposable elements, plasmids, viral infections and fusions of organisms
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