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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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abortion |
"Termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is capable of surviving outside the uterus, usually at 20 wk or 500 g. May be spontaneous or induced. A spontaneous abortion is commonly called a miscarriage" |
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adnexa
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"Appendages, such as the adnexa uteri—the ovaries, oviducts, and uterine ligaments"
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afterbirth |
The placenta and membranes delivered after birth of a child
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amnio
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amnion, amniotic sac"
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amniocentesis
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"Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac to remove amniotic fluid for testing. Tests on the cells and fluid obtained can reveal congenital abnormalities, blood incompatibility, and sex of the fetus"
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amniotic sac |
The membranous sac filled with fluid that holds the fetus; also called amnion (root: amnio)
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anencephaly
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Congenital absence of a brain
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antepartum
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"Before childbirth, with reference to the mother"
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Apgar score
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"A system of rating an infant's physical condition immediately after birth. Five features are rated as 0, 1, or 2 at one and five minutes after delivery and sometimes thereafter"
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areola
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"A pigmented ring, such as the dark area around the nipple of the breast"
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aromatase inhibitor (AI)
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"Agent that inhibits estrogen production; used for postmenopausal treatment of breast cancers that respond to estrogen. Examples are exemestane (Aromasin), anastrozole (Arimidex), letrozole (Femara)"
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atresia
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Congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening
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bisphosphonate
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Agent used to prevent and treat osteoporosis; increases bone mass by decreasing bone turnover. Examples are alendronate (Fosamax) and risedronate (Actonel)
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Braxton-Hicks contractions
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Light uterine contractions that occur during pregnancy and increase in frequency and intensity during the third trimester. They strengthen the uterus for delivery
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candidiasis
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"Infection with the fungus Candida, a common cause of vaginitis"
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carrier
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An individual who has an unexpressed genetic defect that can be passed to his or her children
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cephalopelvic disproportion
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The condition in which the head of the fetus is larger than the pelvic outlet; also called fetopelvic disproportion
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cervic/o
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cervix, neck"
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cervix
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Neck. Usually means the lower narrow portion (neck) of the uterus (root: cervic/o); cervix uteri (U-ter-ī)
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chloasma
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Brownish pigmentation that appears on the face during pregnancy; melasma
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choriocarcinoma
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A rare malignant neoplasm composed of placental tissue
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chorion |
"The outermost layer of the embryo that, with the endometrium, forms the placenta (adjective: chorionic)"
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chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
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Removal of chorionic cells through the cervix for prenatal testing. Can be done earlier in pregnancy than amniocentesis
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cleft lip
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A congenital separation of the upper lip
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cleft palate
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A congenital split in the roof of the mouth
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clitor/o, clitorid/o"
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clitoris
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clitoris
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A small erectile body anterior to the urethral opening that is similar in origin to the penis (root: clitor/o, clitorid/o)"
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colostrum
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"Breast fluid that is secreted in the first few days after giving birth, before milk is produced"
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colp/o
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vagina
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colposcope
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Instrument for examining the vagina and cervix
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cone biopsy
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Removal of a cone of tissue from the lining of the cervix for cytologic examination; also called conization
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congenital disorder
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A disorder that is present at birth. May be developmental or hereditary (familial)
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contraception
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The prevention of pregnancy
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corpus luteum
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The small yellow structure that develops from the graafian follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone and estrogen
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cul de sac
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A blind pouch, such as the recess between the rectum and the uterus; the rectouterine pouch or pouch of Douglas"
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culdocentesis
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Puncture of the vaginal wall to sample fluid from the rectouterine space for diagnosis
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cystocele
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Herniation of the urinary bladder into the wall of the vagina
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cystocele
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Herniation of the urinary bladder into the wall of the vagina
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dilatation and evacuation (D&E)
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Widening of the cervix and removal of conception products by suction
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dilation and curettage (D&C)
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Procedure in which the cervix is dilated (widened) and the uterine lining is scraped with a curette
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ductus arteriosus
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"A fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta, thus allowing blood to bypass the lungs"
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dysmenorrhea
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"Painful or difficult menstruation. A common disorder that may be caused by infection, use of an intrauterine device, endometriosis, overproduction of prostaglandins, or other factors"
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dyspareunia
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Pain during sexual intercourse
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dyspareunia
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Pain during sexual intercourse
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eclampsia
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Convulsions and coma occurring during pregnancy or after delivery and associated with the conditions of pregnancy-induced hypertension (see below) (adjective: eclamptic)
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ectopic pregnancy
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Development of the fertilized ovum outside the body of the uterus. Usually occurs in the oviduct (tubal pregnancy) but may occur in other parts of the reproductive tract or abdominal cavity
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embry/o
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embryo
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embryo
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"The stage in development between the zygote and the fetus, extending from the second through the eighth week of growth in the uterus (root: embry/o); adjective: embryonic"
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endometriosis
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"Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, usually in the pelvic cavity"
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endometrium
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The inner lining of the uterus
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episi/o
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vulva
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episiorrhaphy
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Suture of the vulva or suture of the perineum cut in an episiotomy (incision to ease childbirth)
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estrogen
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A group of hormones that produce female characteristics and prepare the uterus for the fertilized egg. The most active of these is estradiol
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fallopian tube
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See uterine tube
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fertilization
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The union of an ovum and a spermatozoon
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fet/o
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fetus
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fetus
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The developing child in the uterus from the third month to birth (root: fet/o); adjective: fetal
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fibrocystic disease of the breast |
"A condition in which there are palpable lumps in the breasts, usually associated with pain and tenderness. These lumps or "thickenings" change with the menstrual cycle and must be distinguished from malignant tumors by diagnostic methods"
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fibrocystic disease of the breast
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"A condition in which there are palpable lumps in the breasts, usually associated with pain and tenderness. These lumps or "thickenings" change with the menstrual cycle and must be distinguished from malignant tumors by diagnostic methods"
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fibroid
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Benign tumor of smooth muscle (see leiomyoma)
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fimbriae
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The long fingerlike extensions of the oviduct that wave to capture the released ovum (singular: fimbria)
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the female, it stimulates ripening of the ova in the ovary"
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fontanel
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A membrane-covered space between cranial bones in the fetus that later becomes ossified; a soft spot. Also spelled fontanelle
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foramen ovale
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A small hole in the intraatrial septum in the fetal heart that allows blood to pass directly from the right to the left side of the heart
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fornix |
An archlike space, such as the space between the uppermost wall of the vagina and the cervix; from Latin meaning "arch""
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galact/o
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milk
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galactorrhea
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Excessive secretion of milk or continuation of milk production after breastfeeding has ceased. Often results from excess prolactin secretion and may signal a pituitary tumor.
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gestation
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The period of development from conception to birth
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graafian follicle
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Mature ovarian follicle
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gravida
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Pregnant woman
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gravida
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pregnant woman
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greater vestibular gland
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A small mucus-secreting gland on the side of the vestibule (see below) near the vaginal opening. Also called Bartholin (BAR-tō-lin) gland
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gyn/o, gynec/o"
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woman
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hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
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Disease that results from Rh incompatibility between the blood of a mother and her fetus. An Rh-negative mother produces antibody to Rh-positive fetal red cells that enter her circulation. These antibodies can destroy Rh-positive fetal red cells in a later pregnancy unless the mother is treated with antibodies to remove the Rh antigen. Formerly called erythroblastosis fetalis
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HER2 inhibitor
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Drug used to treat breast cancers that show excess receptors (HER2) for human epidermal growth factor. Example is trastuzumab (Herceptin)
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hirsutism
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Excess growth of hair
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hirsutism
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Excess growth of hair
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human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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A hormone secreted by the embryo early in pregnancy that maintains the corpus luteum so that it will continue to secrete hormones
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hymen
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A fold of mucous membrane that partially covers the entrance of the vagina
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hyster/o
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uterus
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hysterectomy
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Surgical removal of the uterus. Most commonly done because of tumors. Often the oviducts and ovaries are removed as well
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intrapartum
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Occurring during childbirth
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karyotype
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A picture of the chromosomes of a cell arranged in order of decreasing size; can reveal abnormalities in the chromosomes themselves or in their number or arrangement (root kary/o means "nucleus")
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labia majora
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The two large folds of skin that form the sides of the vulva (root labi/o means "lip") (singular: labium majus)
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labia minora
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The two small folds of skin within the labia majora (singular: labium minus)
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lact/o
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milk
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lactation
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The secretion of milk from the mammary glands
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laparoscopy
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"Endoscopic examination of the abdomen; may include surgical procedures, such as tubal ligation"
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leiomyoma
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"Benign tumor of smooth muscle, usually in the uterine wall (myometrium). In the uterus, may cause bleeding and pressure on the bladder or rectum. Also called fibroid or myoma"
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linea nigra
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A dark line on the abdomen from the umbilicus to the pubic region that may appear late in pregnancy
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lochia
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"The mixture of blood, mucus, and tissue discharged from the uterus after childbirth"
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
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A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the female, it stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum"
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mamm/o
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breast, mammary gland"
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mammary gland
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A specialized gland capable of secreting milk in the female; the breast (root: mamm/o, mast/o)"
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mammography
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Radiographic study of the breast for the detection of breast cancer
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mast/o
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breast, mammary gland"
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mastectomy
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Excision of the breast to eliminate malignancy
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mastitis
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"Inflammation of the breast, usually associated with the early weeks of breastfeeding"
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meconium
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The first feces of the newborn
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men/o, mens"
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month, menstruation "
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menarche
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The first menstrual period, which normally occurs during puberty"
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menopause
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Cessation of menstrual cycles in the female
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menstruation
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The cyclic discharge of blood and mucosal tissues from the lining of the nonpregnant uterus (root: men/o, mens); menstrual period, menses (MEN-sēz)"
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metr/o, metr/i"
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uterus
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mons pubis
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"The rounded, fleshy elevation anterior to the pubic joint that is covered with hair after puberty"
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mutation
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"A change in the genetic material of the cell. Most mutations are harmful. If the change appears in the sex cells, it can be passed to future generations"
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myomectomy
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"Surgical removal of a uterine leiomyoma (fibroid, myoma)"
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myometrium
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The muscular wall of the uterus
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nat/i
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birth
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oo
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ovum, egg cell "
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oocyte
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An immature ovum
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oophor/o
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ovary
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oophorectomy
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Excision of an ovary
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ov/o, ovul/o"
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ovum, egg cell "
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ovari/o
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ovary
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ovarian follicle |
The cluster of cells in which the ovum ripens in the ovary
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ovary
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A female gonad (root: ovari/o, oophor/o)"
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ovulation
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The release of a mature ovum from the ovary (from ovule, meaning "little egg")"
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ovum
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"The female gamete or reproductive cell (plural: ova) (root: oo, ov/o)"
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oxytocin
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A pituitary hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus. It also stimulates release ("letdown") of milk from the breasts
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paclitaxel
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Antineoplastic agent derived from yew trees used mainly in treatment of breast and ovarian cancer; Taxol
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Pap smear
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Study of cells collected from the cervix and vagina for early detection of cancer. Also called Papanicolaou smear or Pap test.
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para
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woman who has given birth
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para
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Woman who has produced a viable infant. Multiple births are considered as single pregnancies
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parturition
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Childbirth (root: nat/i); labor (root: toc/o)
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pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
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Condition caused by the spread of infection from the reproductive tract into the pelvic cavity. Commonly caused by sexually transmitted gonorrhea and chlamydial infections
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perimenopause
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The period immediately before and after menopause; begins at the time of irregular menstrual cycles and ends one year after the last menstrual period; averages three to four years
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perine/o
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perineum
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perineum
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The region between the thighs from the external genitals to the anus (root: perine/o)
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peripartum
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"Occurring during the end of pregnancy or the first few months after delivery, with reference to the mother"
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placenta
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"The organ, composed of fetal and maternal tissues, that nourishes and maintains the developing fetus"
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placenta previa
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"A placenta that is attached in the lower portion of the uterus instead of the upper portion, as is normal. May result in hemorrhage late in pregnancy"
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placental abruption
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Premature separation of the placenta; abruptio placentae
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postpartum
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"After childbirth, with reference to the mother"
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pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)
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"A toxic condition of late pregnancy associated with hypertension, edema, and proteinuria that, if untreated, may lead to eclampsia. Also called preeclampsia (prē-e-KLAMP-sē-a) and toxemia of pregnancy"
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premature
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Describing an infant born before the organ systems are fully developed; immature
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preterm
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Occurring before the 37th week of gestation; describing an infant born before the 37th week of gestation
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progesterone
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A hormone produced by the corpus luteum and the placenta that maintains the endometrium for pregnancy
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prostaglandins
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"A group of hormones with varied effects, including the stimulation of uterine contractions"
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puerperium
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"The first 42 days after childbirth, during which the mother's reproductive organs usually return to normal (root: puer means "child")"
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salping/o
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tube, uterine tube"
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salpingectomy
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Surgical removal of the oviduct
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salpingitis
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Inflammation of the oviduct; typically caused by urinary tract infection or sexually transmitted infection. Chronic salpingitis may lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancy (development of the fertilized egg outside of the uterus)
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selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
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"Drug that acts on estrogen receptors. Examples are tamoxifen (Nolvadex) and raloxifene (Evista), which is also used to prevent bone loss after menopause"
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Sentinel node biopsy
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Biopsy of the first lymph nodes to receive drainage from a tumor; used to determine spread of cancer in planning treatment
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speculum
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An instrument used to enlarge the opening of a passage or cavity to allow examination
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spina bifida
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A congenital defect in the closure of the spinal column through which the spinal cord and its membranes may project
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stereotactic biopsy
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Needle biopsy using a computer-guided imaging system to locate suspicious tissue and remove samples for study
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striae atrophicae
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"Pinkish or gray lines that appear where skin has been stretched, as in pregnancy; stretch marks, striae gravidarum"
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teletherapy
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"Delivery of radiation to a tumor from an external beam source, as compared to implantation of radioactive material (brachytherapy) or systemic administration of radionuclide"
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teratogen
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A factor that causes developmental abnormalities in the fetus (root terat/o means "malformed fetus"); adjective: teratogenic
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toc/o
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labor
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tubal ligation
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Surgical constriction of the oviducts to produce sterilization
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ultrasonography
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"The use of high-frequency sound waves to produce a photograph of an organ or tissue. Used in obstetrics to diagnose pregnancy, multiple births, and abnormalities and also to study and measure the fetus. The picture obtained is a sonogram or ultrasonogram"
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umbilical cord
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The structure that connects the fetus to the placenta. It contains vessels that carry blood between the mother and the fetus
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umbilicus
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The scar in the middle of the abdomen that marks the attachment point of the umbilical cord to the fetus; the navel
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uter/o
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uterus
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uterine tube
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A tube extending from the upper lateral portion of the uterus that carries the ovum to the uterus (root: salping/o). Also called fallopian tube
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uterus
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"The organ that receives the fertilized egg and maintains the developing offspring during pregnancy (root: uter/o, metr, hyster/o)"
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vagin/o
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vagina
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vagina
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"The muscular tube between the cervix and the vulva (root: vagin/o, colp/o)"
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vaginitis
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Inflammation of the vagina
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vernix caseosa
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The cheeselike deposit that covers and protects the fetus (literally "cheesy varnish")
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vestibule
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"The space between the labia minora that contains the openings of the urethra, vagina, and ducts of the greater vestibular glands"
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vulv/o
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vulva
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vulva
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"The external female genital organs (root: vulv/o, episi/o)"
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zygote |
The fertilized ovum |
