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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Incas
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The Incan Society was established in Peru and is known as the most powerful empire with an estimated population of about six million. Their accomplishments are among: complex political systems, large networks of paved roads as well as and empire under one rule.
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Mayans
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The Mayans had been established in Central America and the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The Mayans had built a sophisticated empire with a written language, numerical system, accurate calendar, and an advanced agricultural system.The Mayans settled most importantly at Mayapan while the Incas were in Cuzco and Machu Picchu.
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Aztecs
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The Aztecs were a nomadic warrior tribe from the North. Their rule had been over much of Central and Southern Mexico. They had built an elaborate educational system and Medical systems. Unlike the Incas and Mayans, the Aztecs developed an unlikely religion, which praised their gods through human sacrifice. Spanish conquerors had discovered the remains of those who were sacrificed. The European discoveries had led to the Aztecs being called “savages”.Tenochtitlan the Aztec capital built a city on present day Mexico, with a population of over One hundred thousand. Their capital had been surrounded by majestic architecture, including temples which are equal to Egyptian pyramids.
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Chaco Canyon
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Anazasi culture which had mostly consisted of architecture. been a hub of extensive politics, and an economic system that drew goods and commodities, and directed affairs over wide regions.
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woodland indians
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North American continent had been primarily inhabited by natives in the woodland areas. These were culturally and technically advanced tribes who began permanently inhabiting villages, unlike their nomadic predecessors the Archaic Indians. Woodland Indians are noted for the cultivation of crops in the fertile valleys of North Georgia, creating intricately designed, tempered pottery with the ubiquitous red Georgia clay, building burial mounds and other ceremonial structures and effigies, and developing a system of trade relying on inland waterways and coastal passages.
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Mobile societies
(native Americans) |
The native tribes of the coast and the plains, which led nomadic lives, although their land had started to be inhabited by the Spanish conquistadors. their nomadic lives had continued even more.
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Agriculture
(natives) |
Tribes of the Pacific Northwest based their fishing intake on salmon. Their settlement had been along the coast, and there had been battle among the people over natural resources. A group of tribes spread throughout regions of the far west were wealthy and densely populated. The people of the South West had been agriculturally complex and developed irrigation systems to farm on their dry land. They had constructed towns that were centers of trade.
The farming techniques of the north were mad efficiently; the land was exploited rather than used for permanent settlements. Land would be exhausted and one land could no longer be cultivated, the natives would establish themselves elsewhere. |
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Leif Erikson
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Norse explorer who is regarded as the first European to land in North America (excluding Greenland), nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus.
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Prince Henry the navigator
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(prince) of the Kingdom of Portugal and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, being responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations and maritime trade.
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Christopher Columbus
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Christopher Columbus had planned to set sail to Asia under the support of Spain. He had not been aware that any land lie between Europe and Asia, and upon mistake he had discovered the Americas. Columbus had believed he was on the lands of Asia, though on his second voyage he believed he had found a whole new continent.
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Portuguese explorer,Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines. (Magellan had, however, traveled eastwards to the Malay Peninsula on an earlier voyage, so he became one of the first explorers to cross all of the meridians of the globe.)
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The conquistadores
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term widely used to refer to the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th through the 19th centuries following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492. The leaders of the conquest of the Aztec Empire were Hernán Cortés and Pedro de Alvarado. Francisco Pizarro led the conquest of the Incan Empire.
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Hernan Cortes
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Plans were made for Cortes to sail to the Americas, upon arrival into Mexico, he and his conquistadors had overthrew the aztec empire
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Francisco pizzaro
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Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru.
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Ordinance of discovery
(Aztecs) |
the last period is know as the ordinance of discovery which began in the 1570's in the third period the spanish began to colonize america, force their law against the natives.
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Catholic missions
(natives) |
Missions which were set up in the new world, which would offer shelter, education and food for natives who would convert to catholicism, they were set all over the southwest.
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St augustine
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Benedictine monk and the first archbishop of Canterbury. He is considered the Apostle to the English and a founder of the English Church. Pope Gregory sent him to evangelize the English. He was selected to go to England because of his inspirational preaching and witnessing abilities. Augustine persevered against popular resistance and was able to convert King Ethelbert of England to Christianity. Augustine baptized thousands within the ministry. In 603 he consecrated Christ Church, Canterbury, and built the monastery Saints Peter and Paul, later known as St. Augustine's.
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Ecomiendas
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The encomienda is a labor system that was employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. In the encomienda, the crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. The receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith In return, they could exact tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products, such as in corn, wheat or chickens. In the former Inca empire, for example, the system continued the Incas (and even pre-Incas) traditions of exacting tribute under the form of labor.
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pueblo revolt
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The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 or Popé's Rebellion was an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico.
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Mestizo
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Mestizos are people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry.
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john cabot
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Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot; c. 1450 – c. 1499) was an Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of North America is commonly held to be the first European voyage to the continent since Norse exploration of the Americas in the early eleventh century. The official position of the Canadian and United Kingdom governments is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland
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richard halkulyt
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English writer. He is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his works, notably Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582) and The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation (1598–1600).
Educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, between 1583 and 1588 Hakluyt was chaplain and secretary to Sir Edward Stafford, English ambassador at the French court. An ordained priest, Hakluyt held important positions at Bristol Cathedral and Westminster Abbey and was personal chaplain to Sir Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, principal Secretary of State to Elizabeth I and James I. He was the chief promoter of a petition to James I for letters patent to colonize Virginia, which were granted to the London Company and Plymouth Company (referred to collectively as the Virginia Company) in 1606. |
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doctorine or predestination
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The Calvinistic doctrine of predestination is a doctrine of Calvinism which deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world. In the words of the Westminster Confession of Faith, God "freely and unchangeably ordained whatsoever comes to pass."[1] The second use of the word "predestination" applies this to the salvation, and refers to the belief that God appointed the eternal destiny of some to salvation by grace, while leaving the remainder to receive eternal damnation for all their sins, even their original sin. The former is called "unconditional election", and the latter "reprobation". In Calvinism, men must be predestined and effectually called (regenerated/born again) unto faith by God before they will even wish to believe or wish to be justified.
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the english reformation
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The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
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john calvin
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influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism. Originally trained as a humanist lawyer, he broke from the Roman Catholic Church around 1530. After religious tensions provoked a violent uprising against Protestants in France, Calvin fled to Basel, Switzerland, where in 1536 he published the first edition of his seminal work Institutes of the Christian Religion.
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puritan seperatists
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The Puritans were a significant grouping of English-speaking Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1559, as an activist movement within the Church of England.
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elizabeth the first
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The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Her brother, Edward VI, bequeathed the crown to Lady Jane Grey, cutting his sisters out of the succession. His will was set aside, and in 1558 Elizabeth succeeded the Catholic Mary I, during whose reign she had been imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
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courers de boise
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Group of elite men which were appointed by the kind to create new colonies and gain large portions of land.
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new amsterdam
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17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. It later became New York City.
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west india company
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chartered companywas granted a charter for a trade monopoly in the West Indies (meaning the Caribbean) by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and given jurisdiction over the African slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America. The area where the company could operate consisted of West Africa (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Cape of Good Hope) and the Americas, which included the Pacific Ocean and the eastern part of New Guinea. The intended purpose of the charter was to eliminate competition, particularly Spanish or Portuguese, between the various trading posts established by the merchants. The company became instrumental in the Dutch colonization of the Americas.
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sir walter raleigh
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English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy and explorer who is also largely known for popularising tobacco in England.
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roanoke
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first major prosperous city in virginia.
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james the first
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king of england in the fourteenth century,Supported most of the voyages and granted charters the land in the new world
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lord delwar
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an elite and impressive ruler,granted much land.
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tobacco
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abundant cash crop in the new world, had been hard to farm in most areas of land, yet it was very profitable.
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powhatans
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powerful group of tribes which they dominated. It is estimated that there were about 14,000-21,000 of these native Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607.They were also known as Virginia Algonquians, as they spoke an eastern-Algonquian language known as Powhatan.
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proprietary rule
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Proprietary rule was unpopular in South Carolina almost from the start, mainly because propertied immigrants to the colony hoped to monopolize fundamental constitutions of Carolina as a basis for government.
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toleration act
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English Parliament the long title of which is "An Act for Exempting their Majestyes Protestant Subjects dissenting from the Church of England from the Penalties of certaine Lawes"
The Act granted freedom of worship to Nonconformists who had taken the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and formally rejected transubstantiation, i.e. Protestants who dissented from the Church of England such as Baptists and Congregationalists but not to Catholics. It allowed Nonconformists their own places of worship and their own teachers and preachers, subject to acceptance of certain oaths of allegiance. It deliberately did not apply to Catholics and non-trinitarians and continued the existing social and political disabilities for Dissenters, including their exclusion from political office and also from universities. Dissenters were required to register their meeting locations and were forbidden from meeting in private homes. Any preachers who dissented had to be licensed. |
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plymouth plantation
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English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691. The first settlement was at New Plymouth, a location previously surveyed and named by Captain John Smith. The settlement, which served as the capital of the colony, is today the modern town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern portion of the modern state of Massachusetts.
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mayflower compact
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The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the colonists, later together known to history as the Pilgrims, who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower. Almost half of the colonists were part of a separatist group seeking the freedom to practice Christianity according to their own determination and not the will of the English Church
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william bradford
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English leader of the settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, and was elected thirty times to be the Governor after John Carver died. His journal (1620–47), was published as Of Plymouth Plantation. Bradford is credited as the first to proclaim what popular American culture now views as the first Thanksgiving.
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colonial currency
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currencies had been disputed, there were all different kind of payment, though paper money had started to flow throughout the new world.
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john winthrop
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obtained a royal charter, along with other wealthy Puritans, from King Charles I for the Massachusetts Bay Company and led a group of English Puritans to the New World in 1630.He was elected the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony the year before. Between 1639 and 1648, he was voted out of the governorship and then re-elected a total of 12 times. Although Winthrop was a respected political figure, he was criticized for his obstinacy regarding the formation of a general assembly in 1634, and he clashed repeatedly with other Puritan leaders
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theocratic society
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form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler,or in a higher sense, a form of government in which a state is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided
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roger williams
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American Protestant theologian, and the first American proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state. In 1636, he began the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which provided a refuge for religious minorities. Williams started the First Baptist Church in America Providence before leaving to become a Seeker. He was a student of Indian languages and an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans.
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anne hutchinson
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settler in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Netherlands and the unauthorized minister of a dissident church discussion group. Hutchinson held Bible meetings for women that soon appealed to men as well. Eventually, she went beyond Bible study to proclaim her own theological interpretations of sermons. Some, such as antinomianism, offended the colony leadership. A major controversy ensued and after a trial before a jury of officials and clergy, she was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. She is a key figure in the study of the development of religious freedom in England's American colonies and the history of women in ministry. The State of Massachusetts honors her with a State House monument calling her a "courageous exponent of civil liberty and religious toleration
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pequot war
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alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) against the Pequot tribe. The result was the elimination of the Pequot as a viable polity in what is present-day Southern New England.
Most of the Pequot people, warriors or otherwise, were killed by the colonists and their allies, or captured and sold into slavery in Bermuda.[1] Other survivors were dispersed. It would take the Pequot more than three and a half centuries to regain political and economic power in their traditional homeland region along the Pequot (present-day Thames) and Mystic rivers in what is now southeastern Connecticut. |
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king phillips war
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armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675–1676. The war is named after the main leader of the Native American side, Metacomet, Metacom, or Pometacom, known to the English as "King Philip". It continued in northern New England (primarily on the Maine frontier) even after King Philip was killed, until a treaty was signed at Casco Bay in April 1678
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the narangansetts
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extinct Algonquian language formerly spoken in part of what is now known as New England and Long Island.
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english civil war
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a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–53), and then with a Protectorate (1653–59), under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule. The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent, although this concept was legally established only with the Glorious Revolution later in the century. |
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middle colonies
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The Middle Colonies, also known as the Bread Colonies or the Breadbasket Colonies for the region's production of wheat, grain, and oats,were one area of the Thirteen British Colonies in pre-Revolutionary War Northern America. The area was part of the New Netherlands until the British exerted control over the region. Following the American Revolution, the Middle Colonies became the states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York and Delaware.Dutch Connecticut is occasionally referred to as a Middle Colony due to its association with the other Middle Colonies that made up Dutch New Netherlands
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quakers
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Religious Society of Friends describes a range of independent religious organizations which all trace their origins to a Christian movement in mid-17th century England and Wales. A central tenet was that ordinary people could have a direct experience of the eternal Christ, particularly as a teacher and guide. Today, the theological beliefs among the different organizations vary, but include broadly evangelical Christian, Orthodox Christian, liberal Protestant, Christian universalist and non-Christian universalist beliefs. Within some groups, Friends meet for silent worship with no leader and no fixed program, where they await spiritual guidance directly from God. In other groups, Friends meet for services led by a pastor with readings and hymns.
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william penn
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English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, and founder and "absolute proprietor" of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future U. S. State of Pennsylvania. He was an early champion of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Indians. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed.
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charter of liberties
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Coronation Charter, was a written proclamation by Henry I of England, issued upon his accession to the throne in 1100. It sought to bind the King to certain laws regarding the treatment of church officials and nobles. It is considered a landmark document in English legal history and a forerunner of Magna Carta.
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black codes
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laws passed on the state and local level in the United States, but mostly in the south, to limit the basic human rights and civil liberties of African Americans. Even though the U.S. constitution originally discriminated against African Americans as other personsand both Northern and Southern states had passed discriminatory legislation from the early 19th century, the term Black Codes is used most often to refer to legislation passed by Southern states at the end of the Civil War to control the labor, movements and activities of newly-freed slaves.
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holy experiment
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attempt by the Quakers to establish a community for themselves in Pennsylvania. They hoped it would show to the world how well they could function on their own without any persecution or dissension.
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california 1760's
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Missions had begun to spring about along the coasts and catholosism had started to become a major religion among the natives.
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james oglethrope
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British general, a philanthropist, and was the founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer in Britain, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prison, in the New World, founder of georgia
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mercantillism
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Bussness of overseas trade among the among the new world,and the outside world, as well as between the colonies.
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the navigation acts
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series of laws which restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707 Great Britain) and its colonies, which started in 1651. At their outset, they were a factor in the Anglo-Dutch Wars. Later, they were one of several sources of resentment in the American colonies against Great Britain, helping cause the American Revolutionary War. They formed the basis for British overseas trade for nearly 200 years
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sir edmond andros
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major figure in the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay (now the Commonwealth of Massachusetts). He was a Puritan minister who was involved with the government of the colony, the administration of Harvard College, and most notoriously, the Salem witch trials. He was the son of Richard Mather, an influential Puritan minister.
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the glorious revolution
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overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland and II of Ireland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) who, as a result, ascended the English throne as William III of England together with his wife Mary II of England.
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william bradford
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English leader of the settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, and was elected thirty times to be the Governor after John Carver died. His journal (1620–47), was published as Of Plymouth Plantation. Bradford is credited as the first to proclaim what popular American culture now views as the first Thanksgiving.
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cambridge agreement
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agreement made on August 29, 1629, between the shareholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company. The Agreement led directly to the foundation of Boston, Massachusetts.
The Cambridge Agreement was a deal over whether the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be under local control, in New England, or under the control of a corporate board in London. Not all the members of the Company were actually interested in emigrating, but even they were either sympathetic Puritans or investors. |
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church of england
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officially established Christian church[2] in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the oldest among the communion's thirty-eight independent national and regional churches.
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covenant theology
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conceptual overview and interpretive framework for understanding the overall flow of the Bible. It uses the theological concept of covenant as an organizing principle for Christian theology.
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halfway covenant
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a form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662. It was promoted in particular by the Reverend Solomon Stoddard, who felt that the people of the English colonies were drifting away from their original religious purpose. First-generation settlers were beginning to die out, while their children and grandchildren often expressed less religious piety, and more desire for material wealth.
Full membership in the tax-supported Puritan church required an account of a conversion experience, and only persons in full membership could have their own children baptized. Second and third generations, and later immigrants, did not have the same conversion experiences. These individuals were thus not accepted as members despite leading otherwise pious and upright Christian lives. |
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thomas hooker
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prominent Puritan religious and colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage. Hooker also had a role in creating the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut", one of the world's first written constitutions.
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saybrook platform
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conservative religious proposals adopted at Saybrook, Connecticut in September 1708. The document attempted to stem the tide of disunity among the established Congregational churches and restore discipline among both the clergy and their congregations. In its "Fifteen Articles" the platform provided for "associations" of pastors and elders and "consociations" of churches, each with broad powers to rule in disputes between churches, to proceed against erring churches and pastors, and to license the latter. The Platform was but a brief conservative victory against a non-conformist tide which had begun with the Halfway Covenant and would culminate in the Great Awakening.
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joint stock company
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corporation or partnership involving two or more legal persons. Certificates of ownership (or stocks) are issued by the company in return for each financial contribution, and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others.
In most countries, a joint stock company offers the protection of limited liability; a shareholder is not liable for any of the company's debt beyond the face value of their shareholding. There are two kinds of joint stock company: private and public companies. The shares of the former are usually only held by the directors and Company Secretary. The shares of the latter are bought and sold on the open market. |
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cavaliers
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name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered an archetypical Cavalier.[
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john locke
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widely known as the Father of Liberalism,was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work had a great impact upon the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the American Declaration of Independence.
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maryland and the calverts
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George Calvert the baron and a declared Catholic. He had become interested in the colonialism of the new world. His voyage to the new world had first been for economic reasons, then it became about catholic refuge. his charted was for Maryland,though it didn't come through until after his death, thus his son Cecilius succeeded him.
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bacons rebellion
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An uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon. it had been the first rebellion in the American colonies, it was a protest against native American raids on the frontier. Bacon's motivation was also against Virginia's Governor Berkeley and his ethics.
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Jamestown
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Jamestown, located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14, 1607. It is the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States of America, following several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke. It was founded by the London Company (later to become the Virginia Company), headquartered in London.
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