Chapter 2: The Chemistry Of Life

Front 1

Atoms make up matter. Matter is...

Back 1

Any material that takes up space.

Front 2

Element

Back 2

A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means.

Front 3

Five most important elements for life

Back 3

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus

Front 4

An Atom is

Back 4

Small possible "piece" of an element that retains the characteristics of the element.

Front 5

Atom is composed of....

Back 5

Protons, neutrons, & electrons.

Front 6

What particles are in the nucleus?

Back 6

Protons and neutrons

Front 7

Where are electrons located?

Back 7

Surrounding the nucleus. They are small and very fast.

Front 8

Protons are...

Back 8

Positive with 1 mass

Hint 8

Positive or negative

Front 9

Neutrons are...

Back 9

Negative with 1 mass

Hint 9

Positive or negative

Front 10

Electrons are....

Back 10

Neutral with 0 mass

Front 11

Atomic number

Back 11

How many protons are in the element

Front 12

Mass number

Back 12

The total amount of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

Front 13

Isotope

Back 13

The number of neutrons may vary among atoms of the same element.

Front 14

How to know how many neutrons are in an element?

Back 14

Atomic mass - atomic number

Front 15

1st level can hold ----- electrons

Back 15

Up to 2 electrons

Front 16

2nd and 3rd level can hold --- electrons

Back 16

Up to 8

Front 17

What shell is important for bonding?

Back 17

The farthest from the nucleus

Front 18

Electrons and their pairs

Back 18

Within the shells-- arranged in pairs.

unpaired electrons form bonds with other atoms.

Front 19

Atoms are most stable when...

Back 19

Their outer shells have no vacancies, bonding with other atoms fills the vacancies.

Front 20

When atoms share electrons

Back 20

Covalent bonds are formed

Front 21

Electronegativity

Back 21

Is a measure of an atoms ability to attract electrons

Front 22

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Back 22

Electrons are equally shared. Are a neutral molecule.

Front 23

Polar covalent bonds

Back 23

Uneven sharing of electrons. Has a charge.

Front 24

The polarity of water molecules results in

Back 24

Hydrogen bonds

Front 25

Ionic bonds are formed when

Back 25

When one atom completely pulls and electron from the other atom, the two charges atoms will be attracted to each other.

Front 26

Covalent

Back 26

Strongest bond

Front 27

Hydrogen

Back 27

Weakest bond

Front 28

Ionic bonds

Back 28

Strong but break easily in water

Front 29

Water unique properties

Back 29

Hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together give water unique properties.

Front 30

Cohesion

Back 30

The tendency of water molecules to stick together

Front 31

Adhesion

Back 31

The tendency to form hydrogen bonds with other substances.

Front 32

Water is a good solvent because

Back 32

Water dissolves hydrophilic solutes like: polar and charged.

Front 33

The polarity if water moles helps water dissolve ions

Back 33

Water does not dissolve hydrophobic solutes. Nonpolar molecules such as fats.

Front 34

Water regulates temperature

Back 34

Hydrogen bonds make water resist change in temp. Costal - milder temp than landlock regions.

Front 35

Water expands when it freezes

Back 35

Ice is less dense than liquid water.

Aquatic life survives the winter.

Front 36

Water participate in chemical reactions

Back 36

Photosynthesis and respiration.

Front 37

The pH scale is based on

Back 37

The amount of H+ in a solution.

Front 38

Acidic solutions have a

Back 38

Low pH and high H+ concentrate

Front 39

Basic solutions have a

Back 39

More OH- ions that H+ ions

Front 40

Organic molecules contain

Back 40

Carbon and hydrogen

Front 41

Organic molecules categories

Back 41

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Lipids

Front 42

Monomers

Back 42

Single unit if a carbohydrates, protein, or nucleic acids.

Front 43

Monomers join to form

Back 43

Polymers

Front 44

Dehydration synthesis

Back 44

An enzyme binds two monomers together, releasing water

Front 45

Hydrolysis

Back 45

Is the reverse reaction of dehydration synthesis, it breaks polymers unto monomers.

Front 46

Carbohydrates

Back 46

Simple sugars and poly saccharides.

Front 47

Monosaccharides

Back 47

Are the monomers of carbohydrates - ex: ribose, glucose, and fructose.

Front 48

Dehydration synthesis

Back 48

Binds two monosaccharides forming a disassharide like sucrose and lactose

Front 49

Polysaccharides

Back 49

Long chains of carbohydrates. Example: cellulose, starch, glycogen.

Front 50

Main purpose of carbohydrates

Back 50

Energy and structure

Front 51

Proteins

Back 51

Have more variable structures and functions that. Any of the other organic molecules.

Front 52

Why do we need protein

Back 52

Structure- hair/nails

Contractile- muscle movement

Transport- cell membrane

Storage

Enzymes

Front 53

Monomers are

Back 53

Amino acids

Hint 53

Structure

Front 54

Dehydration synthesis forms

Back 54

Dipeptides by binding two amino acids

Front 55

Function of protein depends on...

Back 55

It's shape.

Front 56

Primary structure

Back 56

Amino acids sequence of polypeptides

Hint 56

Protein structure

Front 57

Secondary structure

Back 57

Coils, sheets, or loops

Hint 57

Protein structure

Front 58

Tertiary structure

Back 58

Coils and loops together

Hint 58

Protein structure

Front 59

Quaternary structure

Back 59

Many polypeptides together.

Protein is made.

Hint 59

Protein structure

Front 60

Nucleic acids

Back 60

Include RNA and DNA

Front 61

Monomers of nucleic acids

Back 61

Nucleotides

Front 62

Lipids

Back 62

Are hydrophobic and energy rich- no charge

Front 63

Class of organic molecules includes

Back 63

Triglycerides and sterols (steroids)

Front 64

Lipids are not....

Back 64

Built from chains of monomers.

Front 65

Triglycerides are made by

Back 65

Dehydration synthesis link 3 fatty acids to a glycerol molecule.

Front 66

All carbons of a saturated fatty acid

Back 66

Are binded to 4 other atoms

Front 67

An unsaturated fat contains...

Back 67

At least one double bond, create "kinks" in the fatty acid that prevent them from packing close together. Ex- oils

Front 68

Trans fats have..

Back 68

Double bonds but remain straight, they are solid at room temp.

Front 69

Sterols

Back 69

Ex- cholesterol, which is in cell membrane, and used to make hormones.